Understanding Primary Immunodeficiency: Types, Causes, and Inflammation
Primary Immunodeficiency: T and B Cell Disorders
Primary immunodeficiency involves disorders affecting T cells (related to infection organic level) and B cells (related to airway pyogenic infections).
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
SCID is characterized by the absence of T and B lymphocytes, leading to a lack of immune response. It results in infections from opportunistic pathogens and failure of lymphoid stem cell maturation. SCID can be associated with the X chromosome. A defective IL-7
Read MoreInfluenza Virus, Epidemiology, and Malaria
The Lytic Life Cycle of the Influenza Virus
The lytic cycle is a method of viral replication involving the independent replication of viral DNA/RNA as part of virion assembly.
This is in contrast to the lysogenic cycle, where the viral DNA is integrated into the host genome and replicated with the cell’s DNA.
The lytic life cycle of the influenza virus can be summarized in a number of key steps:
- When the virus attaches to cell surface receptors, it is internalized in an endosome, uncoated, and released
Bacterial Culture Isolation and Clostridium Tetani
Variant 11
1. Pure Culture Isolation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Principles and Methods of Isolated Colonies’ Obtaining
Methods of Pure Anaerobes’ Culture Isolation
Isolation of Anaerobic Microorganisms
1st Day:
- Obtain specimen from patient.
- Examine specimen under light microscope using Gram’s technique.
- Inoculate specimen on Robertson cooked medium (glu + liver + layer of oil).
- Incubation, 24 hrs. 37°C.
2nd Day:
- Examine pureness under light microscope by Gram staining.
- Dilution of microorganisms in
Microbiology Essentials: Techniques, Staining, and Epidemiology
Historical Perspectives
- Ignaz Semmelweis: Introduced hand washing with chlorinated lime in 1846, documenting a decrease in fever.
- Joseph Lister: Father of antisepsis, used carbolic acid for cleaning hands and instruments, decreasing infection after amputations and surgeries.
Hand Washing and Emulsification
- Soap: Anionic surfactants with two ends; emulsification allows removal of insoluble matter using water. Mechanical action of hand-washing is crucial.
The 5 I’s of Microbiology
- Inoculation: Transfer
Common Diseases by Body System
Male Reproductive System
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis, accompanied by a reddening of the scrotum. Symptoms include local pain in the spermatic cord, heat on the swollen part, abdominal pain, fever, discharge from the penis, and difficulty urinating.
Prostate Cancer
The presence of symptoms is indicative of an advanced stage. Symptoms include:
- Dysuria
- Urgency
- Frequency
- Urine retention
- Leakage
- Hematuria
Urinary System
- Renal Angiomyolipoma
- Renal Cancer
Gastrointestinal System
Normally, the lining
Read MoreInfectious Diseases: Treatment and Prevention
The AIDS virus multiplies in T cells, destroying and weakening the immune system.
Immune System Disorders
- Autoimmune Diseases: These occur when the immune system mistakenly recognizes some of our body’s molecules as foreign. Examples include multiple sclerosis, some types of diabetes, and lupus.
- Allergies: Occur when the immune system responds to antigens it should not respond to, such as pollen and dust mites.
Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Treatment of Bacterial Diseases
Diseases caused by bacteria
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