Spanish Literary Forms: Novel, Ballads, Coplas

The Novel: Emergence of a Genre

Prosecuting the facts critically, delving into causes, and addressing the psychological level of character finally animates the story with dialogues and epistles. A new literary genre, the novel, emerges in the 14th century, linked to the degeneration of the epic and the decline of feudal society due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.

Early Forms: Adventure and Chivalry

The first manifestations include:

  • The Adventure Story: This involves the feeling of love and action found
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Renaissance Novels: Byzantine, Pastoral, and More

Byzantine Novel

The discovery of Ethiopian texts and early translations provided a model for a new subgenre of Greek adventure novels during the Renaissance: the Byzantine romance or adventure.

History

The Byzantine novel typically features a young, beautiful, and chaste couple in love who are separated and ultimately reunited. The narrative is structured around a journey, which represents the protagonists’ confrontation with themselves and the world. They overcome challenges with divine grace.

During

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Spanish Novelists: Unamuno, Baroja, Azorín & Generation of 98

Spanish Novelists of the Generation of 98

Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)

A man uprooted, possessing a very strong personality with intense intellectual activity. His work addressed existential and spiritual problems and the issue of Spain.

Key Themes and Style

  • The Problem of Spain: Reflected in his essays (e.g., Sobre el casticismo, 1895).
  • The “Tragic Sense of Life”: Explored the anguish of human existence. Life for his characters is a constant struggle; they are agonizing personages.
  • Novelistic Renewal:
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Romanticism: A Literary Movement in Europe and Spain

Summary of Romanticism

Romanticism is a literary movement that flourished in Europe during the first decades of the nineteenth century. It is characterized by its devotion to imagination and subjectivity, freedom of thought and expression, and its idealization of nature.

The idea of freedom drives everything else. Thus, writers claimed:

  • Freedom of topics: The range of topics is broad, but it focuses on the exaltation of feelings (love, death, angst, melancholy, etc.).
  • Freedom of literary forms: Writers
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Middle English Literature: Chaucer and Canterbury Tales

Middle English: The Golden Age

Until 1385, the status of English as a literary language was uncertain, and writers were likely to write in Latin, French, or English. Even in the 14th century, writers still had a choice because English was not established as the language of instruction in schools until 1385. A prime example is John Gower (c. 1327-1408).

He wrote Mirour de l’Omme (c. 1376), Vox Clamantis (c. 1379), and The Lover’s Confession (1390).

The establishment of English as a literary language

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Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Love, Time, and Immortality

Shakespeare’s Sonnets: An Exploration of Love, Time, and Immortality

William Shakespeare’s sonnets, published in 1609, delve into complex emotions. Love, as portrayed by the author, encompasses pain, suffering, sadness, and a melancholic attitude, balanced by moments of joy and happiness in other sonnets. These sonnets offer a rich catalogue of feelings, making them a profound read. Shakespeare employs a variety of tones throughout the 154 sonnets, primarily focusing on love stories that are both

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