Romanticism and Modernism in Literature
Romanticism
After the Napoleonic War (War of Independence), many romantics had to go into exile. But with the death of Fernando VII, Romanticism was officially proclaimed in Spain, influencing Romantic writers. Spanish Romanticism drew from English sources (more auditory and externalizing) and German sources (more intimate and spiritualized).
General Issues
- The Romantic spirit suffers from the limitations imposed by the outside world on its desires, living in a constant feeling of incompleteness and
Spanish Literary Forms: Novel, Ballads, Coplas
The Novel: Emergence of a Genre
Prosecuting the facts critically, delving into causes, and addressing the psychological level of character finally animates the story with dialogues and epistles. A new literary genre, the novel, emerges in the 14th century, linked to the degeneration of the epic and the decline of feudal society due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.
Early Forms: Adventure and Chivalry
The first manifestations include:
- The Adventure Story: This involves the feeling of love and action found
Renaissance Novels: Byzantine, Pastoral, and More
Byzantine Novel
The discovery of Ethiopian texts and early translations provided a model for a new subgenre of Greek adventure novels during the Renaissance: the Byzantine romance or adventure.
History
The Byzantine novel typically features a young, beautiful, and chaste couple in love who are separated and ultimately reunited. The narrative is structured around a journey, which represents the protagonists’ confrontation with themselves and the world. They overcome challenges with divine grace.
During
Read MoreSpanish Novelists: Unamuno, Baroja, Azorín & Generation of 98
Spanish Novelists of the Generation of 98
Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)
A man uprooted, possessing a very strong personality with intense intellectual activity. His work addressed existential and spiritual problems and the issue of Spain.
Key Themes and Style
- The Problem of Spain: Reflected in his essays (e.g., Sobre el casticismo, 1895).
- The “Tragic Sense of Life”: Explored the anguish of human existence. Life for his characters is a constant struggle; they are agonizing personages.
- Novelistic Renewal:
Romanticism: A Literary Movement in Europe and Spain
Summary of Romanticism
Romanticism is a literary movement that flourished in Europe during the first decades of the nineteenth century. It is characterized by its devotion to imagination and subjectivity, freedom of thought and expression, and its idealization of nature.
The idea of freedom drives everything else. Thus, writers claimed:
- Freedom of topics: The range of topics is broad, but it focuses on the exaltation of feelings (love, death, angst, melancholy, etc.).
- Freedom of literary forms: Writers
Middle English Literature: Chaucer and Canterbury Tales
Middle English: The Golden Age
Until 1385, the status of English as a literary language was uncertain, and writers were likely to write in Latin, French, or English. Even in the 14th century, writers still had a choice because English was not established as the language of instruction in schools until 1385. A prime example is John Gower (c. 1327-1408).
He wrote Mirour de l’Omme (c. 1376), Vox Clamantis (c. 1379), and The Lover’s Confession (1390).
The establishment of English as a literary language
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