19th-Century Romanticism: Features, Poetry, and Poets
19th-Century Romanticism
Romanticism was the triumphant artistic movement in Europe during the 19th century. It began with the return of exiles after the death of Fernando VII and the debut of *A Conspiracy of Venice* by Martinez de la Rosa.
Key Features of Romanticism
Romanticism emerged from a profound societal crisis. Romantics protested against the values imposed by the bourgeois world, rebelling against a society that crushed their ideals of liberty. Romanticism defended the creative power of
Read MoreKey Figures in Medieval Catalan Literature
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Arnau de Vilanova: He was a prestigious doctor who worked in the service of James I, Peter II, King Alfonso III, and James II, and even served as doctor to Pope Boniface VIII. He was known for his speeches against the excessive wealth of the Church.
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution: Textile Industry, Poverty, and Welfare
Textile Industry
Wool Production:
- Carding: Traditionally done by women and children at home.
- Spinning: Primarily done by women at home.
- Weaving: Typically done by men at home or in a workplace.
Exporting cloth proved more profitable than exporting raw wool, leading to a focus on cloth production.
The spinning process was significantly slow until the invention of the Flying Shuttle (John Kay), which automated the shuttle movement from side to side.
A multiplied spinning wheel was invented, known as the
Read MoreRenaissance Literature: Humanism and Elizabethan Poetry
Key Features of Renaissance Literature
The Revival of Classical Learning: Classical authors and writings became popular, giving English people access to literature from classical times. These classical models inspired writers seeking to create new literature.
Humanism – A New Conception of Man and the Universe: Man became the center of the universe during the Renaissance, playing a central role in history. Man was seen as the maker of history.
Secularism: This did not represent a rejection of the
Read MoreAntonio Machado’s Poetic Language and Style
Antonio Machado’s Poetic Language
The Lexicon
Machado’s poetry often evokes feelings of old age, melancholy, and the inevitable decay of all things. This sense of decline is captured in words like “Seire,” reflecting the deterioration of both objects and humans.
- Anxiety and boredom, especially the ennui of youth, are recurring themes.
- Somber and dull tones, with colors representing the anxiety and monotony of life, are prevalent.
- Machado’s poetic universe isn’t solely defined by despair; it also includes
Catalan Literature: Origins, Key Figures, and Historical Context
The Origins of Catalan Literature
Catalan language development: substrate, entered, superestrat. Born in VI-VIII. By the XII century, meals were written in Catalan: Homilies d’Organyà and Forum ludicum. Catalan emerged from a necessity.
The first important literary writing in Catalan: Ramon Llull and Ausias March, influenced by Occitan and Provence. Trovadoresca Literature: the first cultured manifestation in a Romance language, emerged from the nobility in a feudal context.