Victorian Literature: A Comprehensive Guide
Victorian Literature: An Overview
Introduction
Victorian literature encompasses the literary works produced during Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901), coinciding with the Victorian era. It serves as a bridge between the Romantic period’s writers and the distinct literature of the 20th century.
The Rise of the Novel
The 19th century witnessed the novel’s emergence as the dominant literary form in English. Pre-Victorian authors like Jane Austen and Walter Scott had refined social satire and adventure
Read More19th Century Romanticism in Spain: Art, Literature, and Social Change
1. The 19th Century: A Time of Transformation
Social and Cultural Shifts
The 19th century was a period of significant social and political upheaval, marked by major changes across all spheres of life. The old estate system gave way to a class-based society, with the bourgeoisie replacing the nobility and gaining considerable power, becoming known as the ‘aristocracy of money’. Population growth was substantial, particularly in cities where large industries were established.
This era saw the rise of
Read MoreGothic Literature: Origins, Themes, and Influence
Gothic Literature
Origins of the Term “Gothic”
The term “Gothic” emerged in the 17th century as a derogatory term, meaning barbarous and uncouth, in relation to the Goths (Germans). It was associated with being wild and destructive of classical civilization.
Evolution of the Term:
- Initially applied to the pointed arch in ecclesiastical architecture.
- Expanded to encompass any non-classical style, and eventually, almost anything medieval.
- In the early 18th century, “Gothic” signified irrationality and backwardness.
A Journey through Catalan Literature: From Modern Age to Renaissance
The Modern Age (15th-18th Centuries)
The Modern Age, spanning from the 15th to the end of the 18th century, witnessed significant advancements in European society across social, economic, and cultural spheres. This era encompasses the Renaissance, Baroque, Enlightenment, and Neoclassicism artistic movements.
The Baroque
The Baroque movement, prominent in Europe, particularly Spain and England, emerged during political, religious, economic, and cultural crises. Art and literature of this period often
Read More17th Century Theatre: Evolution, Genres, and National Stages
17th Century Theatre
Theatre’s Expanding Social Role
Theatre in the 17th century gained prominence, reflecting broader social changes. Humanistic ideals and dialogue, exemplified by Don Quixote and its critique of chivalric romances, shaped the era’s cultural landscape. Unlike picaresque narratives, theatre focused on ordinary characters in everyday settings, exploring various genres and incorporating audience interaction, particularly in the second part of Cervantes’ masterpiece.
Evolution from Medieval
Read MoreÀngel Guimerà: Life, Works, and Catalan Theater
Àngel Guimerà: A Biography
Early Life and Influences
Born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, in 1845, Àngel Guimerà’s mother was of humble Canarian origin, while his father was a Catalan merchant. At the age of eight, the family relocated to El Vendrell, Catalonia. This move required young Guimerà to learn Catalan and adapt to a new culture. He began writing Spanish poetry at fourteen, expressing a longing for his birthplace. Eventually, he embraced Catalan language and culture, becoming