Hookworm and Toxocara Infections
Hookworm (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)
Larvae of animal hookworms cause this condition in humans. Found in animal feces and contaminated soil, they penetrate human skin causing a crawling eruption. Humans are not the definitive host; larvae migrate aimlessly in tissues and do not complete their life cycle.
Causative Agents
- Ancylostoma caninum (dogs): More common in tropical and subtropical countries. Potential zoonosis: cutaneous larva migrans.
- Uncinaria stenocephala (dogs): Increased prevalence in Chile
Parasite Evasion Mechanisms, Key Terms, and Examples
Parasitology Essentials
Parasite Evasion Mechanisms
- Antigenic Variation – Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Giardia, Toxoplasma gondii
- Inhibition of Macrophage Phagolysosome Fusion – Leishmania
- Evasion of Toxic Molecules – Trypanosoma sp.
- Modulation of Phagocytic Function (SCAP to Cytoplasm) – Leishmania
- Adsorption of Host Antigens – Schistosoma sp., Plasmodium, Cysticercus
- Antigenic Mimicry – Schistosoma mansoni
- Shedding of Antigens – Trichinella sp., Schistosoma sp.
- Intrinsic Membrane Changes – Schistosoma sp.
- Cleavage
Understanding Visual and Auditory Deficits: Early Detection and Intervention
Visual Deficit
1.1. Sight:
- Sense that allows us to keep in touch with the world and integrate information.
- Roles/Functions:
- Geographical orientation
- Knowledge of the world (object perception)
- Social relations (face perception)
- Face and body = Signs of identity
- Non-verbal communication (body language, facial expressions)
- Lip-reading (visual sign for speech)
- Route:
Eyes à Optic nerve à Optic chiasm à Optic tract à Thalamus à Visual cortex
There are persons who see and hear all but they have a cerebral damage
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Concepts in Linguistics
There is no intrinsic or logical connection between a sound form (signal) and its meaning. Whatever name a human language attributes to an object is purely arbitrary. Discreteness: Linguistic representations can be broken down into small discrete units that combine with each other in rule-governed ways. They are perceived categorically, not continuously. For example, English marks number with the plural morpheme /s/, which can be added to the end of any noun. The plural morpheme is perceived categorically,
Read MoreKey Components of Communicative Language Ability
Understanding Communicative Language Ability
1. Linguistic Competence
Linguistic competence concerns the knowledge of the language itself, its form, and meaning. It encompasses grammar, spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence structure, and linguistic semantics (thanks to which the learner acquires a second language). Linguistic competence is a crucial part of communication because it teaches students to use the language rules correctly and be aware of potential errors. Grammar is often considered
Read MoreUnderstanding Disability: Definitions and Educational Concepts
Understanding Disability: Key Definitions
Deficit: A loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
Disability: Any restriction or absence (resulting from an impairment) of the ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. Functional impairment – A person who is completely deaf, if provided with the necessary means, would no longer be considered disabled in terms of receiving information. All disabled
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