Braille and AACS for Sensory Impairments
Visual Impairments: Braille Literacy
The Origins of Braille
Valentin Haüy (1795) founded the Institute of Blind Youth (IJC) in Paris and developed the first reading and writing system for the blind, using wooden blocks with carved letters. Later, Charles Barbier (1808) invented a nocturnal writing method based on a dot alphabet, enabling soldiers to communicate silently at night. Louis Braille (1809-1852), who lost his sight in childhood, was a student and later a teacher. He adapted Barbier’s method
Read MoreParasitic Infections: Types, Life Cycles, and Impact
Infection vs. Parasitic Disease:
- Infection (without symptoms): Presence of a parasite without clinical manifestations.
- Parasitic Disease: Presence of a parasite with clinical symptoms.
Zoonotic Parasites: Parasitic diseases that impact human health. Consequences include:
- Low or high mortality
- Disease outbreaks
- Debilitating illnesses
- Economic losses due to hospitalization
Understanding Biological Associations
Parasitism: A biological association where one individual (the parasite) benefits by obtaining habitat
Read MoreMotor and Intellectual Disabilities: Types and School Intervention
1. Introduction: Basic Concepts
- Deficiency/Deficit: Loss or abnormality of a structure or function (psychological, physiological, or anatomical).
Biological field; assessed by physicians.
- Disability: Restriction or absence of the ability to carry out activities expected in human beings. Psychological field; assessed by psychologists.
- Handicap: Disadvantageous situation for a person, due to a deficit or disability, that restricts the performance of an expected role.
Social field; assessed by social workers.
Read MoreEffective Testing: Validity, Reliability, and Practicality
The Ideal Test: Validity, Reliability, and Practicality
1. Validity
A test is valid when it measures precisely the abilities in which we are interested. This involves choosing the appropriate content and techniques.
2. Reliability
A test is reliable when it measures these abilities consistently. This implies, for example, that the same score will be obtained whether the test is taken on one particular day or on the next. Sources of unreliability may be found in some features of the test itself or in
Read MorePsychopedagogical Assessment and Curricular Adaptations in Education
Psychopedagogical Assessment: Understanding Student Needs
Concept
According to the BOE (1996), psychopedagogical assessment is a process of:
- Gathering, analyzing, and evaluating relevant information.
- Considering the elements involved in the teaching-learning process.
- Identifying the educational needs of pupils who present (or may present) maladjustments in their personal and/or academic development.
- Establishing and specifying decisions about the syllabus proposal and the support needed to progress in
Nematocera and Brachycera: Mosquitoes and Horseflies
Nematocera (Suborder) and Their Medical Importance
The Nematocera include four families of significant health importance. These families share the common characteristic of having a lower lip present in a trunk transformed into a proboscis.
- Family 1: Culicidae
- Family 2: Phlebotomidae
- Family 3 & 4: Not specified, but implied to be of medical importance.
Culicidae Family (Mosquitoes)
True mosquitoes are subdivided into two subfamilies:
- Culicinae: Genera include Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, and others.
- Anophelinae: