Spanish Vocabulary: Meaning, Origin, and Formation
Lexical and Grammatical Meaning in Spanish
Lexical Meaning
This refers to the core meaning of words found in the dictionary, primarily associated with:
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adverbs
- Adjectives
Grammatical Meaning
This relates to grammatical functions and relationships, such as gender, number, and person. It includes words like:
- Pronouns
- Adjectives (in their grammatical function)
- Determiners
- Prepositions
- Conjunctions
Word Meanings and Relationships
- Polysemy: A single word having several related meanings.
- Homonymy: Words that
Mastering English Tenses and Modals
English Tenses and Modals: A Comprehensive Guide
Present Simple
Uses:
- Habits, customs, and routine activities (e.g., I know, you know, we know, they know; he knows, she knows, it knows).
- General and universal truths.
- States.
- To refer to a future action that is already known.
Present Continuous
Structure: I am, she/he/it is, you/we/they are + verb + ing
Uses:
- Actions happening now.
- Temporary situations.
- Future plans already decided.
Past Simple
Structure: I/he/she/it/we/you/they + past simple (negative: didn’t
Read MoreLanguage Test Validity: A Comprehensive Assessment
Language Test Validity
What is Validity in Language Testing?
Validity refers to whether a test accurately measures the intended abilities. This involves selecting appropriate content and techniques. It also encompasses the generalizability of findings to other subjects and situations.
Types of Validity
Content Validity
A test has content validity if its content represents a sample of the language skills and structures it aims to assess. A valid test includes a proper sample of the relevant structures.
Read MoreEnvironmental Challenges: Climate Change, Pollution, and Biodiversity Loss
Environmental Policy and Global Challenges
Priority Areas:
- Climate change
- Nature and biodiversity
- Natural resources and waste
- Environmental health and quality of life
Global Megatrends:
- Increasing global divergence in population trends: aging, growing, and migrating populations
- Urbanization: spreading cities and spiraling consumption
- Changing patterns of global disease burdens and the risk of new pandemics
- Continued economic growth
- Global power shifts: from a uni-polar to a multi-polar world
- Intensified global
Water Treatment: Processes and Technologies
Water treatment transforms raw surface and groundwater into safe drinking water. Water treatment involves two types of processes: physical removal of solids (mainly mineral and organic particulate matter) and chemical disinfection (killing/inactivating microorganisms). Treatment practices vary from system to system, but there are four generally accepted basic techniques:
- Coagulation and Flocculation
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Disinfection
Groundwater requires less treatment than surface water.
Seawater
Read MoreUnderstanding Sign Language: Semiotics and Semantic Change
The Sign Language
Verbal language consists of a special type of symbol: the sign language. According to Saussure, it is an inseparable unit with two levels: the signifier or expression and the signified or content. Besides being so composed, it is characterized by the following features:
- Arbitrariness: The relationship between signifier and signified is unmotivated, i.e., a product of human will.
- Conventionality: Users of the same language must accept the signs it contains, whose values have been agreed