Measurement and Scaling Techniques
Measurement: Assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of objects based on specific rules. Scaling: Continuum creation for measured objects.
Primary Scales of Measurement
- Nominal: The number of your ID.
- Ordinal: Ranking of your favorite movies.
- Interval: A satisfaction survey (from 1 to 5).
- Ratio: The money you spend in a week.
Scaling Techniques
Comparative Scaling
- Paired Comparison: The respondent is asked to choose between two options presented simultaneously.
- Rank Order: The respondent ranks several
Hospital Pharmacy: Drug Distribution and Clinical Services
Drug Distribution in Hospitals
Drug distribution is defined as the physical transfer of drugs from a storage area in the hospital to the patient’s bedside.
Inpatient Drug Distribution
This can be done through several methods, including:
- Unit-dose dispensing: Providing each patient with individually packaged doses of medication, labeled with the patient’s name, medication name, and dosage. This helps prevent medication errors.
- Ward stock: Storing medication on the patient’s ward. Nurses or other healthcare
Service Specifications and Quality Components Explained
Service Specifications
There is a belief that services cannot be specifically addressed in the majority of intangible assets. However, a service, like an industrial product, can and should be specified. Probably, the level of detail in the specification of a service is not as complete as in the case of a product.
Railway Station Service Specifications
- Service (General) – Specifications: Identification of all the services offered by the station (ticket office, cafeteria, sales information, etc.).
- Service
Community Pharmacy Essentials: Diabetes, OTC Meds, and Pain Management
Diabetes Management in Community Pharmacy
Counselling for Diabetes – Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in diabetes results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic dysregulation can lead to secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels. Patient counselling includes:
- Pharmacological Management: Biphasic insulin, teneligliptin,
Interlanguage: Analysis, Errors, and Second Language Acquisition
Unit 7: Interlanguage Studies
Interlanguage is a dynamic linguistic system developed by a second language learner who has not yet achieved full proficiency but is approximating the target language.
Characteristics of Interlanguages
- Permeability
- Dynamicity
- Systematicity
- Variability
Contrastive Analysis
Researchers conducted contrastive analysis, systematically comparing two languages. They aimed to identify similarities and differences between the native language (NL) and the target language (TL). It was
Read MoreUnderstanding Legal Norms: Validity and Structure
Standard Criteria for Legal Validity
For a legal norm to be valid, it must meet the following criteria:
- Competent Authority: The norm must be produced by an authority with the legal power to do so. Invalidity can arise from a “formal defect,” where the issuer lacks the necessary authority.
- Appropriate Procedures: The norm must be created following established procedures. This can also lead to invalidity due to:
- Formal procedural defects (disregarding formal requirements).
- Defects in the content itself