Cardiovascular and Neurological Conditions: A Review

Posted by on Mar 24, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Angina

Substernal pain caused by insufficient perfusion of the myocardium.

Angina Types

  • Stable: Oxygen demand exceeds supply, usually brought on by physical exertion.
    • Drug therapy: SL NTG, BB, or LA nitrate
  • Variant: Oxygen supply decreases due to vasospasm, may occur at rest.
    • Calcium channel blocker
  • Unstable: Oxygen supply decreases as demand increases; secondary to atherosclerotic plaque rupture within the coronary artery.
    • Combination e.g. CCB + BB

Drugs Used in Angina Pectoris

Vasodilators

Nitrates

Short,

Read More

Cardiac Measurements, ECG Findings, and Heart Conditions

Posted by on Mar 20, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Cardiac Measurements and Normal Values

This section provides normal values for various cardiac measurements obtained during echocardiography.

  • KSGDD (LV): N (Upper limit): 56
  • Indskas: N (Upper limit): 29
  • TSP (Interventricular Septum): N: 9-10
  • KSUS (Posterior Wall): N: 9-10
  • KS MM (LV): M: 105, W: 95
  • Mass Index: M: 105, W: 95
  • SSS (Relative Wall Thickness): [Table Data Missing – Requires Calculation]

Ejection Fraction (EF): N: 55+%

  • Low EF may indicate cardiomyopathy, heart attack, coronary artery disease, or
Read More

ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management Essentials

Posted by on Mar 14, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management

ECG Lead Locations and Waveform Analysis

  • II, III, aVF: Inferior leads
  • V1 & V2: Septal leads
  • V3 & V4: Anterior leads
  • I, aVL, V5 & V6: Lateral leads

Electrode Placement

RA (White), LA (Black), V (Brown)

Intervals and Segments

  • PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
    • Shorter PR: Impulse from AV junction
    • Longer PR: First-degree AV block
  • QRS Interval: 0.06-0.12 seconds
  • QT Interval: 0.39-0.43 seconds (Predisposes to Torsades de Pointes, intensified by low calcium
Read More

Pharmacology Quick Reference: Anticoagulants, Anemia, and Antiarrhythmics

Posted by on Feb 14, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Anticoagulants

Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)

  • Mechanism: Antithrombin III, Xa/IIa
  • Dosage:
    • Loading dose & continuous infusion: 80 units/kg load, 18 units/kg/h infusion
    • Prophylaxis: 5000 units subcutaneously
  • Contraindications: HIT (Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia), hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia, active bleeding or risk of bleeding
  • Monitoring: aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time), baseline and every 6 hours until 2x therapeutic level; goal 1.5-2.5x baseline
  • Reversal Agent: Protamine sulfate

Low

Read More