Understanding Chemical Equilibrium: Constants, Principles, and Factors

Posted by admin on Apr 6, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Chemical Equilibrium: Constants and Principles

Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A] [B]^b = Q (not express equilibrium concentrations) <kc reaction to right> left = reaction toward equilibrium system

Kp = P_c^c P_d^d / P_a^a P_b^b (gas only)

Kx = X_c^c X_d^d / X_a^a X_b^b

Kp = Kc (RT)^W

K_x = Kp · P^W

P_parcial = X (n species / total n) · P_t

Degree of dissociation (alpha #) # = x (n-differentiated) / c (initial total n) | A-2B (n (1 – #) / 2n #), A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / n #), 2A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / 2 / n # / 2), 2A + B-2C

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Cardiovascular and Neurological Conditions: A Review

Posted by admin on Mar 24, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Angina

Substernal pain caused by insufficient perfusion of the myocardium.

Angina Types

• Stable: Oxygen demand exceeds supply, usually brought on by physical exertion.
  • Drug therapy: SL NTG, BB, or LA nitrate
• Variant: Oxygen supply decreases due to vasospasm, may occur at rest.
  • Calcium channel blocker
• Unstable: Oxygen supply decreases as demand increases; secondary to atherosclerotic plaque rupture within the coronary artery.
  • Combination e.g. CCB + BB

Drugs Used in Angina Pectoris

Vasodilators

Nitrates

Short,

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Cardiac Measurements, ECG Findings, and Heart Conditions

Posted by admin on Mar 20, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Cardiac Measurements and Normal Values

This section provides normal values for various cardiac measurements obtained during echocardiography.

• KSGDD (LV): N (Upper limit): 56
• Indskas: N (Upper limit): 29
• TSP (Interventricular Septum): N: 9-10
• KSUS (Posterior Wall): N: 9-10
• KS MM (LV): M: 105, W: 95
• Mass Index: M: 105, W: 95
• SSS (Relative Wall Thickness): [Table Data Missing – Requires Calculation]

Ejection Fraction (EF): N: 55+% Low EF may indicate cardiomyopathy, heart attack, coronary artery disease, or

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ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management Essentials

Posted by admin on Mar 14, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management

ECG Lead Locations and Waveform Analysis

• II, III, aVF: Inferior leads
• V1 & V2: Septal leads
• V3 & V4: Anterior leads
• I, aVL, V5 & V6: Lateral leads

Electrode Placement

RA (White), LA (Black), V (Brown)

Intervals and Segments

• PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
  • Shorter PR: Impulse from AV junction
  • Longer PR: First-degree AV block
• QRS Interval: 0.06-0.12 seconds
• QT Interval: 0.39-0.43 seconds (Predisposes to Torsades de Pointes, intensified by low calcium

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Pharmacology Quick Reference: Anticoagulants, Anemia, and Antiarrhythmics

Posted by admin on Feb 14, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Anticoagulants

Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)

• Mechanism: Antithrombin III, Xa/IIa
• Dosage:
  • Loading dose & continuous infusion: 80 units/kg load, 18 units/kg/h infusion
  • Prophylaxis: 5000 units subcutaneously
• Contraindications: HIT (Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia), hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia, active bleeding or risk of bleeding
• Monitoring: aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time), baseline and every 6 hours until 2x therapeutic level; goal 1.5-2.5x baseline
• Reversal Agent: Protamine sulfate

Low

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