Hume’s Philosophy: Knowledge, Morality, and Religion
Hume: Knowledge and Its Limits
Perceptions and Ideas
For Hume, we do not know objects themselves, but rather our perceptions of them. Perceptions are all that is present in the mind, whether through the senses, passions, or thought. They are of two kinds: impressions and ideas.
Impressions are what we know through the senses. Ideas are copies or images of impressions. While ideas resemble impressions, they are less vivid and are ultimately derived from sensory experience. Thus, our knowledge is limited
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Will to Power and the Revaluation of Life
Will to Power: Nietzsche’s Dynamic Ontology
For Nietzsche, character is mobile and constantly changing. Reality is a matter of perspective, echoing the Presocratic philosopher Heraclitus, who viewed reality as a struggle of opposites. Nietzsche’s ontology challenges traditional views of a fixed and permanent being, proposing instead a nomadic ontology where reality is composed of multiple perspectives. Traditional philosophy, he argues, has privileged the perspectives of Socrates and Plato while
Read MoreUnmasking Western Values: Nietzsche’s Critical Lens
Nietzsche’s Philosophy
A Critique of Western Thought
Nietzsche’s philosophy presents a radical critique of Western culture and values, proposing the vibrancy of life as an alternative to tradition. This critique follows three main lines:
- Critique of Morality
- Critique of Metaphysics (Ontology and Epistemology)
- Critique of Positivist Science
Critique of Morality
Nietzsche criticizes the imposed moral standards of conduct, deeming them unnatural. He argues that these standards suppress human instincts, passions,
Read MoreEthics and Politics: Foundations of a Just Society
Ethics and Politics
Freedom and responsibility are prerequisites for a moral life. The person is an end in itself, not a means. Dignity and freedom are moral foundations of autonomy.
Political Life
“Man is a political animal” (zoon politikon) – Aristotle. Humans are social beings living in communities organized by laws, enabling peaceful coexistence.
Politics involves citizen participation in public life, making decisions binding on all, despite differing interests. Persuasion, negotiation, and decision
Read MorePlato’s Philosophy: Exploring the World of Ideas and the Sensible World
Plato’s Theory of Ideas
Plato explains reality and phenomena through his Theory of Ideas. This theory encompasses two worlds: the sensible world and the world of Ideas.
The Sensible World
We perceive the sensible world through our senses. It consists of things constantly changing, subject to time and space. These things are material, changing, perishable, imperfect, and individual.
The World of Ideas
We perceive the world of Ideas through intelligence and reason. It consists of eternal, immutable ideas
Cosmogony to Quantum: Exploring Science’s Core Concepts
What is a cosmogony? A mythical tale explaining the origin of the universe and consciousness.
What constitutes the problem of demarcation? The problem of demarcating or delimiting what is and is not science has always been an important issue for scientists. Traditionally, it has been considered a physical science model because it allows better empirical verification of statements.
What criteria are used to classify the different scientific disciplines? Sciences are often classified by their virtual
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