Plato’s Dualism: Knowledge of Two Realities
The Problem of Knowledge in a Changing World
Are there two types of knowledge corresponding to two types of reality? According to Heraclitus, everything in nature flows. Plato argues from this that if nature is constantly changing, it is impossible to validate a claim forever; any claim only applies to a single instant. The skeptic Gorgias stated that we know only appearances, that a permanent reality does not exist, and that even if it did and someone could grasp it, they could not communicate it
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Decline, Morality, and the Will to Power
Nietzsche’s Critique of Western Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Western European civilization is in steady decline, primarily due to the failure to establish reason for life’s fundamental aspects. He viewed it as a dogmatic society fundamentally opposed to life and the instincts, attempting to impose rationality at all costs.
Nietzsche took the perfect man of Greek tragedy as his prototype, considering that this figure achieved the perfect synthesis between the Apollonian (related to order
Read MoreComparing Scientific Paradigms: Methodology, Evolution, and Philosophy
Natural Sciences vs. Human Sciences: Key Differences
The natural sciences have the objective of studying nature, material objects, and physical aspects, including their changes and developments, but not the human aspects of the world. Disciplines within this field include biology, physics, and chemistry. In contrast, human sciences study cultural society, human relationships, and evolution. Examples include psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
Traditional Science Vision vs. New Philosophers
The
Read MorePhilosophical Shifts: From Rituals to Posthuman Identity
The Disappearance of Rituals in Modern Society
In The Disappearance of Rituals, Byung-Chul Han argues that modern society is characterized by a loss of traditional rituals, resulting in a lack of meaning and direction in people’s lives. He defines rituals as “repetitive, symbolic actions that are carried out collectively,” which serve to create a sense of community and provide individuals with a sense of purpose and belonging.
Han contends that the rise of individualism and technology has led to a
Read MoreThe True Meaning of Humility and Its Characteristics
The Essence of Humility in a Prideful Society
In a society that prioritizes pride and achievement, humility often goes unnoticed. People frequently discuss who is humble and who is not, but what is the real meaning of having humility? What do people intend to express when they describe someone as humble? Humility can be understood as the quality of a person who remains respectful, modest, and avoids arrogance.
The Etymology of Humility: From Earth to Groundedness
Understanding the word humility begins
Read MoreCharitable Trusts: Law, Purposes, and Fiscal Benefits
How Charitable Trusts Function
Charitable trusts are purpose trusts, meaning property is held for a specific purpose, and there is no human beneficiary.
Requirement: Charitable Purpose
Charities Act 2011: Public Benefit Requirement
The purpose must be ‘charitable’ and, under the Charities Act 2011, must be for the public benefit.
Fiscal Advantages of Charitable Status
- Exempt from Inheritance Tax (IHT).
- Exempt from tax on investments.
- Exempt from income tax.
- Gift Aid (allows the charity to reclaim the basic