Understanding Virtues and Ethical Philosophy
Intellectual Virtues: Theoretical Foundations of Knowledge
Intellectual virtues are theoretical and cannot be learned solely by nature. They can be acquired through explanation and are deeply related to knowledge.
Prudence
Science
Science provides an account of knowledge, specifically the knowledge of universal and permanent things (an opinion is not science because it is changing). If one studies something and gains knowledge, it is related to the good.
Wisdom (Sabiduría)
True knowledge combined with
Essential Philosophical Terms Defined
Core Philosophical Concepts
Mythos (Myth)
Symbolic narratives about gods and heroes.
Logos (Rational Explanation)
An explanation based on proofs and arguments.
Episteme (Knowledge or Science)
True belief based on reasons.
Philosophy
Literally meaning “the love of wisdom” (etymologically from the Greek philos = love and sophia = wisdom). In general terms, it is the endeavour to live rationally. More specifically, it is the ultimate and universal “science”: the study of ultimate principles or causes of all
Read MoreUnderstanding Employment Law: Definitions, Sources, and Core Principles
Employment Law Fundamentals
Employment Law (DL) is a set of rules, doctrines, and theories that regulate the employment relationship between employer and employee. It is a protective branch of law that specifically regulates the situation of individuals or agencies in a relationship of subordination.
William Thayer Ojeda’s Definition
William Thayer Ojeda defines Labor Law as “the branch of law that, as principal, is responsible for regulating the protective situation of individuals who require total
Read MoreKant’s Philosophy: Reason, Morality, and Knowledge
Immanuel Kant’s philosophy begins with the analysis of reason as the foundation of human action. He considers that moral consciousness is expressed in principles by which individuals adjust their actions and judge their own conduct and the behavior of others, leading to what he calls the moral fact.
Kant’s Practical Reason: Morality and Duty
The Foundation of Moral Action
Kant rejects material ethics because they justify actions based on what is good in specific circumstances, rather than universal
Read MoreImmanuel Kant’s Philosophical Influences and Context
Immanuel Kant: A Philosophical Giant
Immanuel Kant was a pivotal philosopher whose work continues to profoundly influence the field of philosophy today. Born on April 22, 1724, in Königsberg, Prussia, he lived and worked in the same city until his death in 1804. Kant’s theories and studies are deeply rooted in the historical context of the modern age, particularly the 18th-century Enlightenment.
Key Influences on Kant’s Thought
- David Hume: Hume’s psychological empiricism, emphasizing knowledge derived
Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophical Concepts Explained
Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophical Concepts
Reality is not a set of things that happen to us. It does not conform to preset patterns but uses “occasional” categories, whose meaning depends on the circumstances.
Ortega’s Concept of Reality
Ortega y Gasset identified two concepts of reality: what is real for us and actual reality. The reality that is “real to us” is what we encounter and must live with, whether we like it or not. The “true and primary reality” is an uncertain portfolio of facilities and
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