Metaphysics: Core Concepts, Study Areas, and Critiques
Understanding Metaphysics
Metaphysics has been a central focus of philosophical activity and has been defined in various ways throughout its history. Broadly, it refers to a philosophical analysis of the basic structures of reality. It can also encompass the study of God and the study of being. Two primary interpretations or aspects are often distinguished:
1. Metaphysics as the Study of Transphysical Reality (Theology)
This interpretation refers to the “trans-physical” or “hyperphysical”—realities
Read MoreNietzsche’s Hammer: Critiquing Western Philosophy
Nietzsche’s Critique of Western Thought
Nietzsche’s thought represents the most stringent and radical critique of the entire Western philosophical and cultural tradition. His ‘philosophizing with a hammer’ leaves none of the fundamental elements of that tradition intact: ontological, epistemological, religious, moral, and so on.
Platonism: Source of Decadent Culture
Nietzsche denounces Platonism as the source of all decadent, impoverished, and servile Western culture. This ‘germ,’ he argues, was adopted
Read MoreAristotle: Knowledge, Science, and Logical Syllogisms
Degrees of Knowledge in Aristotelian Philosophy
Levels of Knowing
Aristotle identified several degrees or levels of knowledge:
- Sensation (Aisthesis): Knowledge gained through the senses. It is essential, as all knowledge begins with the senses.
- Memory (Mneme): The preservation of sensation; learning is based on this.
- Experience (Empeiria): Arises from repeated memories of the same thing. It is characteristic of experts. It does not transcend sensible things and responds to what something is, but not
Understanding the Characteristics of Positivism by A. Comte
Characteristics of Positivism by A. Comte
In the nineteenth century, there was a decline in philosophy. Comte’s sublimation of positive science introduced the positivist method, which waives the absolute and considers natural phenomena through strict experimental procedures.
Legal Positivism
Legal positivism reflects the social landscape, a facet of social life, where legal laws are seen as part of social laws. The absolute falls beyond the scope of human intelligence. Comte’s positivism exalted sociology
Read MoreUnderstanding Positivism and Its Historical Context
Positivism and Its Historical Context
Compte: decay, positive science, the method defines the positivism (1798-1857) with no metaphysics. The law of the three states (theological, metaphysical, positive rational) establishes a law of filiation between the sciences.
Specialties of Sociology
- Variability registered in fact
- Weighted extralegal elements in their dynamic impact
- Actual effectiveness of their mandates
Historical Approach
Historis: approach to the past, disinterested (I remember) and interested
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Rights and Social Issues
Human Rights Principles
Focus on Freedom
- Right to life
- Right to freedom of thought and movement
- Rights of association and political participation
Defend Equality
It is necessary that access to assets is equal for everyone.
- Right to work
- Right to health
- Right to culture and education
Defend Solidarity
Promoting global human interests.
- Right to peace
- Right to a healthy and sustainable environment
Consequences of Human Rights Failure
- Discrimination: It ignores the principle that all are equal before the law, establishing