Locke’s Empiricism and Social Contract Theory

Empiricist philosophy denies the existence of innate ideas or principles of understanding. John Locke denies that there are universal truths and moral laws that apply to everyone. He believes that at birth our mind is a blank slate, empty and devoid of content, and that all knowledge is acquired through experience; ideas are rooted in it.

He states that our knowledge is limited by experience; experience is the source of our ideas and the limit of our knowledge. We must examine all ideas in detail

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Ortega y Gasset: Philosophy, History, and Vital Reason

Ortega’s Historical Context

The historical context in which the Spanish thinker’s thought arises is marked internationally by:

  • The two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945), wars that forced human beings to confront their lack of rationality and capacity for barbarism in managing and resolving conflicts.
  • The Russian Revolution (1917).
  • The rise of Italian Fascism under Mussolini.
  • National Socialism under Hitler in Germany.
  • Stalinist Soviet totalitarianism.

Ortega criticized these forms of power consolidation

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Ortega’s Ratiovitalism: Vital Reason, Life, and Circumstance

Understanding Ratiovitalism: Ortega’s Vital Reason

Ratiovitalism is the doctrine of vital reason. It stands somewhere between rationalism and vitalism. Life involves reasoning about the circumstances in which we live. Therefore, reason must always be linked to life.

Knowledge, Thought, and Historical Reason

Ortega distinguishes between thinking (the attitude by which humans give meaning to their circumstances) and knowledge (an activity of thought aimed at giving meaning to the world).

He criticizes

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Understanding Anomalies in Interleaved Execution

Anomalies Due to Interleaved Execution

Two actions on the same data object conflict if at least one of them is a write.

Common Anomalies

  1. Reading Uncommitted Data (WR Conflicts)
  2. Unrepeatable Reads (RW Conflicts)
  3. Overwriting Uncommitted Data (WW Conflicts)

Anomalies Due to Interleaved Execution

Two actions on the same data object conflict if at least one of them is a write.

1.Reading Uncommitted Data (WR Conflicts)
2.Unrepeatable Reads (RW Conflicts)
3.Overwriting Uncommitted Data (WW Conflicts)

Anomalies Due

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Understanding Specialty Risk: Hazards, Incidents, and Accident Prevention

Understanding Specialty Risk: Key Concepts

Fundamental Concepts of Specialty Risk: The probability that an activity or condition will result in a particular loss.

Key Definitions

  • Hazard: Any condition or habit that can be expected with reasonable certainty to cause physical harm.
  • Incident: An undesired event that could damage or impair the efficiency of an operation.
  • Accident: An undesired event that results in physical harm (injury or illness) to a person, or damage to property.
  • Quasi-Accident: An undesired
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Core Philosophical Ideas: Marxism, Nihilism, Platonism, Rationalism

Marxism and Communism

Marx envisioned a new social order called communism. This new social order aims to move beyond capitalism, allowing its contradictions to emerge and generate its negation. Communism represents a stateless society, without classes and without private property, where humanity will ultimately be free from these contradictions. A challenge noted in practice is that the transition envisioned, the dictatorship of the proletariat resulting from the cessation of class struggle, has

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