Nietzsche: Biography, Works, and Vitalism
Nietzsche: Biography and Works
Initially a supporter of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche radically changed his views on this 19th-century author throughout his life. Born in Röcken, Germany, in 1844, he died in 1900. He was raised in a religious environment, as his father and grandfather were Protestant pastors. He received a humanistic and musical education. He first attended university in Bonn and then Leipzig, where he studied theology and classical philology. His training was so brilliant that he became
Read MoreThe Hominization Process: Evolution to Modern Humans
The Hominization Process
Hominization is the evolutionary process that led from animal species to the first humans, defined by their ability to guide their activity through language. The human being is the result of heredity, evolution, necessity, and chance. The stability that inheritance parameters provided in various species became less meaningful when studying fossils. Scientists introduced a new factor to explain the world: chance.
The species present in our world must be based on inheritance
Read MoreEthics and Morality: Understanding Moral Action
Unit 4: Practical Rationality: Ethics and Political Philosophy
Ethics
Morality and Ethics
Both terms refer to the character or mode of being that a person acquires throughout their life, through acts, habits, and customs, through which the individual develops their way of being. Moral and ethics are terms with different meanings in philosophy.
Moral refers to a way of behaving, regulated by norms and values present in the relations between individuals and society.
Morality is present at all times and
Read MoreOrtega y Gasset: Life, Reason, and Reality
Ortega: Life and Reason United
Ortega y Gasset’s central idea: Try life and reason together. He positions Realism (emphasizing nature) as subordinate to life, which in turn is subordinate to Idealism (emphasizing thought).
Philosophy vs. Science
Ortega observed that physics often dominates philosophy due to its perceived accuracy, foundation in empirical facts, and practical relevance. However, he defended philosophy, highlighting key differences:
- Philosophy must justify the existence of its own object,
Defining Enlightenment Reason: Core Characteristics
Analytical Nature of Reason
Reason is not only a part of nature but also the instrument or means by which we know and interpret the world and exercise critical thought. According to its nature, its action is analytical and cognitive. This term designates its opposition and difference from the use of reason in seventeenth-century rationalism:
- In contrast to the rationalist reason, supposedly pregnant with content (like the theory of innate ideas), which sought knowledge from itself deductively and
Core Principles of Constitutional Law and Human Rights
Fundamental Concepts and Principles
Bases or Principles
The fundamental concepts guiding existing institutions.
Humanist Conception of Society
A set of core values refined over time within Western society.
Fundamental Rights
Rights that emanate directly from human nature.
Rights Emanating from Human Nature
Powers recognized by positive law, enabling the material and spiritual fulfillment of the person.
Respect for Rights
The state’s obligation to abstain from infringing upon the rights of individuals.