Understanding Science and New Materials: A Comprehensive Look

Science: A System of Knowledge

Science is a system of knowledge about a specific sector of reality, obtained in a rational way, which has specific working methods and criteria for checking and verification. Its functions are to explain facts, predict possibilities, and dominate nature.

Empirical Sciences vs. Formal Sciences

  • Empirical sciences focus on the study of observable facts verifiable by experience.
  • Formal sciences study abstract objects and ideals, which arise from the human mind and are not
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Methods of Knowledge Acquisition: Deduction, Induction, and Epistemology

Methods of Knowledge Acquisition

One method is a more or less fixed and stable process, consisting of several steps or rules that lead to an end.

Deductive Method

It involves extracting a conclusion from general principles. However, this method presents a problem in the strict sense, so it is feasible in the formal sciences.

Inductive Method

It involves developing a conclusion from specific data or individuals to general principles.

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

It is a combination of two methods: it combines

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Understanding the Scientific Method: Types, Requirements, and Applications

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is defined as the set of principles, rules, or standards for the study and solution of research problems. R = Scientific Method

It refers to a set of procedures, using the necessary tools or skills, to examine and solve a problem or set of research problems. R = The scientific method

Types of Scientific Methods

  • Inductive Method: Derives general conclusions from particular premises.
  • Deductive Method: The conclusion is implicit in the premise and goes from the
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Understanding Scientific Research: Methods, Theories, and Design

Scientific Method and Knowledge

Scientific method: Modern science relies on knowledge obtained through objective observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning. This knowledge must be verified or rejected by observation. The goal is to use verified results to construct theories that explain why phenomena behave the way they do.

Components of the Scientific Method

  • Empirical verification
  • Falsifiability
  • Non-normative research
  • Transmissible
  • Cumulative
  • Empirical generalization
  • Explanatory
  • Predictive
  • Probabilistic
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Effective Science Teaching Methods and Objectives

Objectives in the Teaching of Science

Selecting certain content, programming different activities, selecting different programs, and preparing materials and resources are all decisions that must be made regarding what and how to teach.

Models in Science Teaching

  • Transmission and reception
  • Discovery
  • Constructivist (aims to improve learning from experimental sciences)

Methods in the Teaching of Natural Sciences

  • Experimental method
  • Historical rediscovery method
  • Problem method
  • Heuristic (or search) method
  • Investigation
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Key Concepts in Science and Epistemology

Verification Criteria

Any base or means for judging the possibility of an empirical test of a scientific hypothesis. There are two classes: weak criterion and strong criterion.

Statement

A verbal expression of a proposition. In grammar, it is a descriptive or declarative sentence.

Proposition

Thinking that is expressed by a descriptive sentence or statement. Its essential feature is to be true or false. Another definition: a thought that affirms or denies something and has a real value.

Universal Statement

Every

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