Understanding Scientific Research: Methods, Theories, and Design
Scientific Method and Knowledge
Scientific method: Modern science relies on knowledge obtained through objective observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning. This knowledge must be verified or rejected by observation. The goal is to use verified results to construct theories that explain why phenomena behave the way they do.
Components of the Scientific Method
- Empirical verification
- Falsifiability
- Non-normative research
- Transmissible
- Cumulative
- Empirical generalization
- Explanatory
- Predictive
- Probabilistic
Effective Science Teaching Methods and Objectives
Objectives in the Teaching of Science
Selecting certain content, programming different activities, selecting different programs, and preparing materials and resources are all decisions that must be made regarding what and how to teach.
Models in Science Teaching
- Transmission and reception
- Discovery
- Constructivist (aims to improve learning from experimental sciences)
Methods in the Teaching of Natural Sciences
- Experimental method
- Historical rediscovery method
- Problem method
- Heuristic (or search) method
- Investigation
Key Concepts in Science and Epistemology
Verification Criteria
Any base or means for judging the possibility of an empirical test of a scientific hypothesis. There are two classes: weak criterion and strong criterion.
Statement
A verbal expression of a proposition. In grammar, it is a descriptive or declarative sentence.
Proposition
Thinking that is expressed by a descriptive sentence or statement. Its essential feature is to be true or false. Another definition: a thought that affirms or denies something and has a real value.
Universal Statement
Every
Read MoreResearch Methodology: Hypothesis, Design, and Objectives
The hypothesis serves as a *guide* to research. Even if it is difficult to establish hypotheses in studies that are reported as descriptive, it is what leads us to ask other questions. The scenarios, which lead us directly to the variables taken into account during the design and operationalization of the research, are what lead us to answer the question: What is to be collected from the previously defined social reality? Strictly speaking, a hypothesis is merely a statement about the relationship
Read MoreQualitative Research Reporting: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction
The report represents the final and formal culmination of qualitative research. This chapter examines the quality of the report, the inherent challenges in its presentation (depending on the specific requirements), and how to document qualitative findings from a scientific perspective. The report serves as a technical instrument that conveys an objective and thorough account of the entire investigation.
Reporting Results in the Research Process
The report in the research phase is intrinsically
Learning Objectives and Assessment Types in Education
Learning Objectives
General objectives are long-term goals to achieve. Specific objectives are developed by teachers from the proposed objectives in the curriculum. These are made in the short term.
Taxonomy of Learning Objectives
- Affective: Behaviors including attitudes related to feelings or values.
- Cognitive: Refers to behaviors that are related to intellectual pieces.
- Psychomotor: Skills or behaviors related to muscle or physical skills.
Cognitive Domain
The cognitive domain is divided into:
- Memory: