CNS Pharmacology: Barbiturates, Antipsychotics, and Epilepsy
Barbiturates: Potent CNS Depressants
Barbiturates are potent central nervous system (CNS) depressants. They are medicines that slow down brain or CNS activity. They can be very strong and risky if not used carefully. They are used to treat anxiety, sleep problems, and seizures. Common barbiturates include:
- Barbital
- Phenobarbital
- Mephobarbital
- Amobarbital
- Butabarbital
- Pentobarbital
- Secobarbital
Mechanism of Action of Barbiturates
- Barbiturates work by increasing the effect of GABA, a calming brain chemical,
Muscle Dynamics: Roles, Kinetic Chains, and Strength Factors
Understanding Muscle Roles in Human Movement
In any movement, muscles perform different functions. For example, in a vertical jump, the extensor muscles of the lower limb (such as the gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and glutes) contract, pulling on bones and levers to cause movement. These muscles, which are the primary movers of a gesture, are called AGONISTS.
However, for the gesture to be successful, it is necessary for the opposing muscles (flexors of the leg: tibialis anterior, hamstrings, and iliopsoas)
Read MoreComprehensive Fitness Training Concepts
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Exercise
Aerobic
Aerobic sports activities are not very heavy (heart rate not more than 140 BPM in untrained individuals) and the duration exceeds 3 minutes.
Anaerobic
Anaerobic activities are intense (heart rate over 140 BPM, or for trained individuals) with effort durations between 5 seconds and 1 minute. The alactic system, which utilizes energy deposits in muscles in the form of compounds (adenosine triphosphate), is used at the start of an activity and typically lasts only
Read MoreHolistic Health: Posture and Nutrition for Well-being
Understanding Good Posture
Good posture is essential for performing tasks with maximum efficiency and minimal strain on the body.
Individual Activity Posture
The posture adopted by each person varies significantly. An individual’s stance can change daily based on factors like temperature, health (illness or wellness), emotional states (happiness or sadness), age, occupation, and physical constitution. There is no single ideal posture for everyone.
Abnormal Postures
When the human body adopts certain
Read MoreUnderstanding Sensory Responses and Thermoregulation in Humans
RC Sensory
Meissner’s corpuscles detect surface touch or gentle caresses.
Merkel cells detect surface pressure.
Pacini’s corpuscles detect vibration, phasic deep, wide field, and are unmyelinated.
Ruffini endings detect skin stretch.
Physiological Response to Heat
Heat increases skin temperature, leading to increased cutaneous blood flow. Venous return from the extremities to the heart occurs via superficial veins. If the thermal gradient is large enough, sweating begins, leading to skin cooling through
Hydrotherapy: Water Therapy for Pain Relief & Healing
Hydrotherapy, also known as water therapy, harnesses the power of water for pain relief, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is a widely recognized method used in physical therapy, alternative medicine, and various rehabilitation programs. This comprehensive resource details the key aspects of hydrotherapy, from its diverse applications to its significant health benefits and important precautions.
Types of Hydrotherapy
- Hot Water Therapy: Utilizes warm water to relax muscles, improve blood circulation,