Key Exercise Physiology Formulas and Conversions

Exercise Physiology: Key Formulas and Conversions

Conversions

  • 1 kg = 2.2 lb
  • 1 inch = 2.54 cm
  • 1 mph = 26.8 m/min
  • 1 L of O2 = 5 kcal
  • 1 lb of fat gain/loss = 3500 kcal
  • 1 inch = 0.0254 m

Cardiac Output (Q) and Stroke Volume (SV)

Oxygen Consumption (VO2) – Fick Equation

VO2 (ml/min) = Cardiac Output (Q) x a-v O2 difference (ml/100ml)

Myocardial Oxygen Demand (MVO2) – Double Product or Rate-Pressure Product

MVO2 (mmHg/min) = [HR (bpm) x Systolic BP (mmHg)] / 100

Oxygen Pulse (O2 Pulse)

O2 pulse (ml O2/beat) = VO2 (

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Swimming Starts: Crawl, Butterfly, and Breaststroke Techniques

Departure Techniques

There are two main types of swimming starts from the starting block:

  • Conventional: The older, less efficient method that doesn’t utilize arm support on the block.
  • Out-of-Grip: Introduced to competitions in 1967.

Phases of the Start

Ready Position

The body is bent forward at the end of the block. Hands or feet may be on the outside. Knees are slightly bent, with the center of gravity slightly forward. Feet can be placed one slightly below the other, slightly apart, with toes flexed

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Handball: Rules, History, and Gameplay

Handball: A Brief History

Origins and Evolution

Born in Germany

“I invented education” – Prof. Max Heiser, Berlin

Handball initially began with 11 players on a football field. In the mid-twentieth century, the game transitioned to two teams of 7 players on a 40m x 20m court.

Spain’s adoption of this format in the 1980s marked a turning point, leading to significant advancements in the sport, including a World Cup B victory and further progress.

In 1996, Spain achieved an Olympic bronze medal in Atlanta.

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Physical Fitness and Aerobic/Anaerobic Training

Physical Fitness and Training Methods

Fitness: Physical conditioning is the development of physical activity essential for proper basic physical performance.

Physical Condition: Physical condition is the ability to perform daily tasks with vigor and effectiveness, slowing the onset of fatigue (tiredness), conducted with minimal energy cost, and preventing injuries.

Essential Physical Qualities: The set of innate or acquired characteristics that determine an individual’s physical condition, which can

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Muscle Contraction, Energy Pathways, and Exercise Adaptations

Muscle Contraction and Movement

The brain sends signals that instruct muscles to contract or relax, producing movement. The nervous system transmits these signals through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to the muscle fibers. The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve meets the muscle, enabling nerve impulses to trigger muscle fiber contraction.

Muscle contraction can be:

  • Isometric: The muscle develops tension but cannot shorten because it is fixed.
  • Eccentric: Muscle tension is created during
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Hinduism’s Path to Liberation: Yoga and the Eight Limbs

The Path to Liberation in Hinduism

Practice is the discipline that allows the breaking of samsara and spiritual union with the absolute within Hinduism. The method of yoga means union, the path, and the goal. This is the path to salvation where the Atman experiences spiral renaissances. Hinduism offers three ways of salvation, i.e., three types of yoga, as described in the Bhagavad Gita.

Yoga of Selfless Action (Karma Yoga)

This consists of breaking the fatal link between actions and their results.

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