Key Exercise Physiology Formulas and Conversions
Exercise Physiology: Key Formulas and Conversions
Conversions
- 1 kg = 2.2 lb
- 1 inch = 2.54 cm
- 1 mph = 26.8 m/min
- 1 L of O2 = 5 kcal
- 1 lb of fat gain/loss = 3500 kcal
- 1 inch = 0.0254 m
Cardiac Output (Q) and Stroke Volume (SV)
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) – Fick Equation
VO2 (ml/min) = Cardiac Output (Q) x a-v O2 difference (ml/100ml)
Myocardial Oxygen Demand (MVO2) – Double Product or Rate-Pressure Product
MVO2 (mmHg/min) = [HR (bpm) x Systolic BP (mmHg)] / 100
Oxygen Pulse (O2 Pulse)
O2 pulse (ml O2/beat) = VO2 (
Read MoreSwimming Starts: Crawl, Butterfly, and Breaststroke Techniques
Departure Techniques
There are two main types of swimming starts from the starting block:
- Conventional: The older, less efficient method that doesn’t utilize arm support on the block.
- Out-of-Grip: Introduced to competitions in 1967.
Phases of the Start
Ready Position
The body is bent forward at the end of the block. Hands or feet may be on the outside. Knees are slightly bent, with the center of gravity slightly forward. Feet can be placed one slightly below the other, slightly apart, with toes flexed
Read MoreHandball: Rules, History, and Gameplay
Handball: A Brief History
Origins and Evolution
Born in Germany
“I invented education” – Prof. Max Heiser, Berlin
Handball initially began with 11 players on a football field. In the mid-twentieth century, the game transitioned to two teams of 7 players on a 40m x 20m court.
Spain’s adoption of this format in the 1980s marked a turning point, leading to significant advancements in the sport, including a World Cup B victory and further progress.
In 1996, Spain achieved an Olympic bronze medal in Atlanta.
Read MorePhysical Fitness and Aerobic/Anaerobic Training
Physical Fitness and Training Methods
Fitness: Physical conditioning is the development of physical activity essential for proper basic physical performance.
Physical Condition: Physical condition is the ability to perform daily tasks with vigor and effectiveness, slowing the onset of fatigue (tiredness), conducted with minimal energy cost, and preventing injuries.
Essential Physical Qualities: The set of innate or acquired characteristics that determine an individual’s physical condition, which can
Read MoreMuscle Contraction, Energy Pathways, and Exercise Adaptations
Muscle Contraction and Movement
The brain sends signals that instruct muscles to contract or relax, producing movement. The nervous system transmits these signals through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to the muscle fibers. The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve meets the muscle, enabling nerve impulses to trigger muscle fiber contraction.
Muscle contraction can be:
- Isometric: The muscle develops tension but cannot shorten because it is fixed.
- Eccentric: Muscle tension is created during
Hinduism’s Path to Liberation: Yoga and the Eight Limbs
The Path to Liberation in Hinduism
Practice is the discipline that allows the breaking of samsara and spiritual union with the absolute within Hinduism. The method of yoga means union, the path, and the goal. This is the path to salvation where the Atman experiences spiral renaissances. Hinduism offers three ways of salvation, i.e., three types of yoga, as described in the Bhagavad Gita.
Yoga of Selfless Action (Karma Yoga)
This consists of breaking the fatal link between actions and their results.
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