Leg and Foot Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Leg Muscles
1) Anterior Group
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve
A) Tibialis Anterior: Runs from the tibia to the inner edge of the foot. Its function is to dorsiflex and internally rotate the foot.
B) Extensor Hallucis Longus: Runs from the fibula to the second phalanx of the big toe. Its action is to extend the big toe and dorsiflex the foot on the leg while internally rotating it.
C) Extensor Digitorum Longus: Runs from the tibia and fibula to the last four toes. Its action
Read MoreEducational Evaluation: Types, Functions, and Methods
What are the Functions of Each Evaluation?
Formative evaluation function, diagnostic evaluation function, prognostic evaluation function, function-oriented evaluation.
What is Diagnostic Evaluation?
It is used before any educational process to understand the student’s current state. Diagnostic evaluation can use different procedures such as written or oral questions, thematic group discussions on specific topics (e.g., NRTI), observing the student’s activity related to the topic, etc.
What is Formative
Read MoreMastering the Front Crawl: Technique and Drills
Body Position
- Horizontal and near-surface: Maintain a streamlined body position.
- Aligned: Keep your feet splayed, knees straight, buttocks and stomach tight, elbows extended, hands clasped, and head between your arms.
The Role of Rocking
- Rocking enhances propulsion.
- Facilitates high-elbow recovery and shoulder movement, allowing for deep and effective traction.
- Minimizes drag by reducing surface contact with the water.
- Keep your head slightly elevated, with the waterline roughly at your hairline.
- Look downward
Brain Matter, Motor Pathways, and Nervous System Development
Gray Matter
It is a sensitive character of neuronal nuclei, vegetative and motor. The alpha motor neurons are responsible for innervating the striated or voluntary muscles, and are thus responsible for movement. The gamma motor neurons regulate muscle contraction.
White Matter
Part of clusters of myelinated fibers that circulate in the spinal cord, both upwards and downwards.
Motor Pathways
Motor pathways serve as the main transport facilities for motor skills. They are subdivided into two pathways:
Pyramidal
Read MoreNutrition and Physical Activity: Impact on Health
Proteins: Essential Functions and Role in Physical Activity
1. Functions of Proteins:
- Formation of cells and tissues (e.g., muscle)
- Aid in blood clotting
- Oxygen transport
- Muscle contraction to produce movement
- Formation of antibodies to defend the body
- Regulating the balance in cells
2. Proteins and Physical Activity:
Proteins do not represent a significant source of energy during physical activity. They only intervene in efforts lasting over 6 hours.
Vitamins and Minerals: Importance for Health and Exercise
3.
Read MoreJoint Injuries: Sprains, Dislocations, Fractures & Bites
Joint Injuries: Sprains, Dislocations, and Fractures
Sprain: An incomplete tear of the joint capsule or ligaments, without rupture. It occurs when a torsional twist or violent stretch forces a joint beyond its normal range of motion, causing ligament damage or tearing.
Sprain Grades:
- Grade I (Mild): The ligament is strained, stretched beyond its normal capacity but remains intact. There is no hematoma.
- Grade II (Moderate): A partial tear of the ligament occurs, resulting in bruising and swelling.
- Grade