Tennis and Athletics: History, Rules, and Techniques
Tennis
History of Tennis
Origins and Early Development
- The precursor to tennis, jeu de paume, involved hitting a ball with the hand.
- Jeu de paume was introduced in France between the 12th and 14th centuries.
- Modern tennis was invented by Walter Clapton Wingfield.
- The sport spread to other countries through British influence, particularly in colonies like Australia and South Africa.
- The first tennis courts were built in the United States in 1874.
- Walter Clapton Wingfield codified the first rules of modern
Track and Field Fundamentals
Stages
Adapted Game
Use games to improve motor coordination, flexibility, and skill in the initial stage. The child will become aware of their own body image.
Athletic Initiation
Avoid sharp, forceful work, especially before age 12, as the support apparatus is still developing. Speed work delivers notable results. Aerobic metabolism is ripe for development, as are specific motor tasks, joint mobility, and flexibility.
Athletic Training
Efforts for teenagers should not be maximal, as their energy is focused
Read MoreUnderstanding Motor Tasks: Classification, Analysis, and Development
Classification and Types of Motor Tasks
Physical Involvement (Cratty, 1982)
- Fine: Small muscle groups, precision, and dexterity.
- Gross: Large muscle groups, less precision.
Control or Ambient Priority (Poulton, 1956)
- Closed: Internal feedback, known context, easier to execute.
- Open: External feedback, unknown or changing context.
Cognitive Engagement (Knapp, 1963)
:
• Usually, sequence of movements known that they tend to automate.
· Perceptive: unknown sequence of movements that require cognitive engagement.
Read MoreBasketball Fundamentals and Strategies
Basketball: A Comprehensive Overview
How to Play
Basketball is a sport played between two teams of five players each, with seven substitutes. The game uses a round ball and is played with the hands. The court measures 15×28 meters. Each team has a basket, and the objective is to score by shooting the ball into the opposing team’s basket.
- Restricted areas (zones) exist under the basket. Offensive players are limited to three seconds within these zones.
- A semicircle within each restricted area marks
Communication and Mediation for Deafblind Individuals
Communication and Language in Congenital Deafblindness
Communication Development
1. The process of communication development in individuals with congenital deafblindness occurs only with competent partners. These partners must be able to infer meaning from the deafblind person’s actions and provide a clear, consistent, and coherent response.
Language Acquisition
2. Language acquisition in congenitally deaf-blind individuals happens as a consequence of a successful communication development process.
Read MoreYoga & Disability in Physical Education
Niyama (Self-Purification & Study)
Rules of Conduct
These rules govern personal interactions and our inner world. There are five types:
- Saucha (Purity): Implies both external and internal purity. Water purifies the body, truthfulness the mind, and true knowledge the intellect. The soul is purified by knowledge and austerity. This advocates for intellectual, speech, and bodily purity, aiming to remove all impurities from the body.
- Santosha (Contentment): Described as not desiring more than what