The Physics of Light: Reflection, Refraction, and Vision

Posted by on Oct 18, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Fundamentals of Light and Optics

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, composed of both electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicularly to each other. It travels in straight lines and is a fundamental form of energy that can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed.

Core Properties of Light

  • Light travels at an incredible speed: 299,792,458 meters per second (approximately 186,282 miles per second) in a vacuum.
  • Light is a form of energy that can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed.
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Fundamental Concepts in Applied Physics and Fluid Dynamics

Posted by on Oct 16, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Q.Explain the construction and working of Ruby laser with the help of energy level diagram


Ruby is a crystal of aluminum oxide Al2O3 in which chromium Cr3+ ions are added as impurity (0.5%).So its colour is pink. Ruby rod of 4cm in length and 0.5 cm in diameter is generally used. The end faces of rod are strictly made parallel, grounded and silver polished. The one end face is fully reflecting and other end is partially reflecting. A helical Xenon flash tube is surrounded the ruby rod with high voltage

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Core Concepts in Physics: Energy, Forces, and Circuits

Posted by on Oct 14, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Energy and Work Done

Defining Work, Power, and Energy

  • Work Done: Energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance.
  • Power: The rate at which energy is transferred (how quickly).
  • Energy Stores: Kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, and nuclear.
  • Energy Transfers: Occur via mechanical work, electrical work, heating, and radiation.

Efficiency in Energy Transfer

The higher the efficiency, the less energy is wasted (often as heat or sound).

Note: No machine is 100%

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Essential Definitions in Physics, Optics, and Cosmology

Posted by on Oct 12, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Fundamental Concepts in Physics

Sound and Wave Propagation

Speed of Sound (Sound Velocity)

The sound velocity is the speed of propagation of sound waves, a type of longitudinal mechanical wave produced by pressure variations of the medium. These pressure variations (captured by the human ear) contribute to the brain’s perception of sound. Sound does not travel through a vacuum because there are no atoms through which the waves can pass. (330 km / s)

Sound

The sensation produced in the ear by the vibration

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Physics Fundamentals: Key Concepts, Formulas, and Energy Scales

Posted by on Oct 7, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Energy & Power

• Energy: ability to do work; conserved; transforms among heat, chemical, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, etc.

• Power: rate of energy use; determines how fast work is done or energy is converted.

Units & Conversions

• calorie (cal): energy to raise 1 g water by 1 °C ~ Calorie (food Cal) = 1 kcal = 1 000 cal ~ joule (J): SI unit; 1 J = 1 kg·m²/s²

• kilowatt-hour (kWh): industrial/domestic unit; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ ≈ 1 000 Cal

• household uses ~12 000 kWh/yr

Typical Energy

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ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ: ਨਾਂਵ, ਪੜਨਾਂਵ, ਕਿਰਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ

Posted by on Oct 1, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਂਵ (Noun)

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਂਵ (Noun) ਉਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਿਸੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ, ਸਥਾਨ, ਚੀਜ਼, ਵਿਚਾਰ, ਗੁਣ ਜਾਂ ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਵਾਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਰਤਾ ਜਾਂ ਕਰਮ ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਨਾਂਵ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ (Types of Noun)

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

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