Wireless Signals, Radio & Network Protocols Explained

Antennas and Electromagnetic Waves

In many communication systems, it’s not necessary for the sender and receiver to be connected by a physical cable. This wireless communication is achieved using an antenna. Antennas are devices responsible for converting electromagnetic waves into electrical impulses (reception) and vice versa (transmission).

An electrical conductor, such as an antenna, can emit energy as electromagnetic waves if a variable electric current flows through it. These electromagnetic

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Core Physics: Quantities, Motion, and Forces

Physical Quantities

Physical quantities are properties of matter that can be measured.

Scalar Quantities

These are defined only by a number and the corresponding unit. Examples include temperature (T), mass (m), length, and pressure.

Vector Quantities

To define these, besides the number and the unit, it is necessary to add the direction and sense they possess. Examples include velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum.

Elements of a Vector

  • Module: The numerical value of the magnitude.
  • Direction: The line
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Fundamentals of Electricity Concepts

Historical Figures in Electricity

Joseph Thomson

Inventor of the mass spectrometer, discovered the electron and isotopes.

Thales

Observed electrical phenomena by rubbing amber with a cloth and noted that the bar attracted objects.

Otto von Guericke

Observed that repulsion occurred between electrified bodies after they had been attracted. He devised the first electrostatic generator, a sulfur ball, and produced sparks, which led him to speculate about the electrical nature of lightning.

Pieter van Musschenbroek

Performed

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Physics Concepts: Motion, Vectors, and Scalars

Vector-Scalar product: The product of a scalar with a vector only changes the magnitude of the vector, but does not mess with direction: n(A) = nA

Dot product (Scalar product): This kind of product between two vectors is also called scalar product because its result is a number that means a scalar quantity. It is defined as: A. B = |A||B| cos θ

Cross product (Vector product): This kind of product between two vectors is also called scalar product because its result is a vector quantity. It is defined

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Scientific Revolutions: Copernicus, Newton, Einstein

What is a Scientific Theory?

A scientific theory is a set of ideas or hypotheses (assumptions) that satisfies two conditions: it must align with observations or recorded data, and it must not contradict fundamental concepts.

The Copernican Revolution: Sun-Centered Universe

For about 2,000 years, from the time of Aristotle until after Columbus’s voyages to the New World, it was believed that the Earth was the center of the universe (the geocentric theory). The shift to the Copernican heliocentric theory,

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Universe, Stars, and Galaxies: A Cosmic Journey

Spectra

Isaac Newton discovered that sunlight, when incident on a glass prism, decomposes into colored stripes. This rainbow is called the spectrum of light. Technical improvements revealed black lines within the spectrum. The Sun, being the nearest star, provides a light spectrum that offers information about its elemental composition. By comparing the black lines in the Sun’s spectrum with those of hydrogen and helium, we can conclude that the Sun’s outer layers are primarily composed of these

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