Fundamental Laws of Physics: Thermodynamics, Mechanics, Waves
Fundamental Laws of Physics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat supplied to a system increases its internal energy and does work.
Second Law (Kelvin-Planck Statement)
No process can solely convert heat from a reservoir into work.
Clausius Statement
No process can solely transfer heat from a colder to a hotter object.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
The rate of cooling is proportional
Read MoreUnderstanding Electric Fields: Properties, Laws, and Potential
The Electric Field
1. Properties of Electric Charges
- Point load: dimensionless electrical body.
- There are 2 kinds of charges in nature:
- Positives: load acquired by the glass rubbed. Carry this burden of protons.
- Negative: is the burden becomes amber, and carry it with electrons.
- The charges repel and attract opposite sign.
- The charge is conserved. In the electrification charge is not created, only passed a few bodies to others, so that the total charge remains constant.
- The charge is quantized. It is represented
Sound Transmission and Properties: Acoustics and Reflection
Sound Transmission and Properties
Media that Transmit Sound
The sounds we hear are typically transmitted through the air. However, any elastic substance, whether solid, liquid, gas, or plasma, can transmit sound.
Elasticity is the property of a material that allows it to change shape in response to an applied force and return to its original shape when the force is removed. Steel is an elastic substance, while putty is inelastic. In liquids and elastic solids, molecules are relatively close to each
Read MoreHeraldry: Understanding Shield Partitions and Divisions
Partitions
1. Concept
Partitions are the divisions that are made from the Campo del Escudo, resulting from the same few parts that may be similar or proportional, in some cases, irregular and unequal in others. Each of the resulting parts has its own forms and is emblematic in Heraldry.
2. The Partition Can Be Regular or Irregular
2.1 Regular Partitions
They are named by the forms that result from the division of the Campo del Escudo by one or more straight lines. They give rise to:
- EC-divided into “simple
Cosmic Evolution: From Scientific Method to the Big Bang
The Scientific Method and Its Application to the Cosmos
The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, and conducting experiments. Elegance, in this context, refers to the ability of a theory to explain a wide range of phenomena.
A scientific belief is typically backed up by experiments designed to test hypotheses. If several experiments do not contradict a hypothesis, we tend to believe it to be true. While this is not directly applicable to phenomena like
Read MoreKey Concepts in Physics: Fluids, Electricity, and Energy
Fluids and Pressure
- Atmospheric Pressure (P. ATM): The pressure that air exerts on the bodies that are on the surface of the Earth.
- Adhesion: The attraction between molecules of different classes.
- Barometer: A device that allows us to measure the atmospheric pressure.
- Fluids: Defined as a substance that flows easily and changes shape.
- Bernoulli’s Principle: For a perfect fluid, the sum of kinetic and potential energies and pressure anywhere within the liquid mass is constant.
- Absolute Pressure: The total