Understanding Interactions and Atomic Structure
Interaction is an action that is exerted on a reciprocal basis between two or more subjects, objects, actors, forces, and functions.
Types of Interaction
Gravitational Interaction is the force of mutual attraction that occurs between two objects in the universe. This is a common property of all known mass.
Electromagnetic Interaction is the force of mutual attraction or repulsion between two objects due to a property called electric charge. This property is the excess of negative charges possessed
Read MoreCosmos Compendium: Unveiling the Secrets of Our Universe
A Solar System Contains
- Single star
At Jupiter’s Core
- Heavy elements
Approximate Age of the Solar System
- 4.6 billion years
A Normal White Dwarf’s Size
- Similar to Earth
A Black Hole Is
- An object with immense density
Astronomers Measure Magnetic Fields Using
- Zeeman effect
According to Wien’s Law, Hotter Objects Appear
- Bluer
Atoms That Have the Same Number of Protons but Different Numbers of Neutrons Are
- Isotopes
A Shift in the Position of Spectral Lines Indicates
- Motion
Average Earth to Sun Distance (AU) Was First
Read MoreNature’s Fundamental Forces and Electrical Phenomena
Fundamental Forces of Nature and Electrical Phenomena
Fundamental Forces
- Strong Interaction: A short-range force holding protons and neutrons together within the atomic nucleus.
- Electromagnetic Interaction: Occurs between electrically charged particles, resulting in attractive or repulsive forces.
- Weak Interaction: A short-range nuclear force responsible for instability in certain atomic nuclei.
- Gravitational Interaction: A force of mutual attraction between all bodies with mass, though relatively weak
Heat, Temperature, Sound, and Wave Motion
Heat and Temperature
Heat is a physical magnitude that measures the energy transmitted from one body to another, reflecting the difference between their components. The unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the Joule (J). 1 calorie = 4.18 J.
Temperature: The temperature of a body depends on the kinetic energy of its particles (atoms, ions, or molecules).
Heat energy can be transmitted from one body to another in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.
- The propagation of heat by
Understanding Magnetism and Electromagnetism Principles
Magnetism
Materials likely to be attracted by a magnet are called ferromagnetic materials.
Types of Magnets
- Natural: (e.g., magnetite) have magnetic properties, but they are weak.
- Artificial
Permanent magnets retain their magnetic properties for a long time.
Temporary magnets only exhibit magnetic properties when subjected to a magnetic field.
Magnetic Field of a Magnet
It is the space in which magnetic phenomena are noticeable due to the magnet.
The magnetic field is more intense in some places than others,
Read MoreUnderstanding Forces and Deformation: Hooke’s Law
What are Forces?
Forces cause objects to change their position, and shifts cause deformations. Exercise by contact or at a distance.
Representation of Forces
It is not enough to state the value in Newtons; you should also specify the direction and sense. Therefore, forces are vector quantities and are represented graphically by vectors.
Characteristics of a Force
- The strength or modulus is its value in Newtons.
The direction is the straight line on which the force lies.
- The sense is whether the force