Fundamental Forces & Quantum Physics Principles

Posted by on Jul 15, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Radioactivity: Biological Effects & Applications

For millions of years, living things have withstood the natural radioactivity of the Earth’s crust and cosmic rays. Exposure to high doses of radiation at increased rates can cause cancer and other genetic disorders. The degree of danger of an isotope depends on the type of radiation emitted, its energy, and its half-life.

Degree of Danger to Humans:

  • External Exposure: If the radiation source is outside the body, gamma rays are the most dangerous.
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Fundamental Concepts in Physics and Biology

Posted by on Jul 12, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Physics Fundamentals

Optics: Formulas and Definitions

Key Optical Formulas

  • Refractive Index (Prism Formula): n = sin((A + Dₘ) / 2) / sin(A / 2)
  • Displacement Formula: d = (l sin(i – r)) / cos(r)

Sign Conventions and Lens Formulas

  • Object Distance (u): Always positive (+)
  • Image Distance (v): Real (+) / Virtual (-)
  • Magnification (m): Real (-) / Virtual (+)
  • Focal Length (f) & Power (P): Convex (+) / Concave (-)
  • Lens Behavior:
    • If v > f: Convex lens behavior
    • If v < f: Concave lens behavior
  • Refraction at
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Essential Physics Formulas for Mechanics

Posted by on Jun 28, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Kinematics: Motion Equations

Equation of Position

  • Xf = Xi + Vit + at2/2
  • Xf = at2/2 (when Xi and Vi are zero)

Equation of Velocity

  • Vf = Vi + at
  • Vf = at (when Vi is zero)
  • Vi = -at (rearranged)

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Acceleration Formulas

  • a = (Vf – Vi) / (tf – ti) (Average Acceleration)
  • a = 2Xf / t2 (when Xi and Vi are zero)
  • a = -Vi / t (rearranged)
  • a = F / m (from Newton’s Second Law)

Time Calculations

  • t = -Vi / a (rearranged)

Related Concepts & Formulas

  • Average Velocity: V = (Xf – Xi) / (tf – ti)
  • Newton’s Second Law: F = m * a

Note:

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Fundamental Physics and Science Concepts Explained

Posted by on Jun 27, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

This rule determines the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field.

  • If the index finger points in the direction of the magnetic field,
  • and the middle finger points in the direction of the current,
  • then the thumb indicates the direction of the force on the conductor.

Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule

Used to identify the direction of induced current when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.

  • The thumb indicates
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Unveiling the Cosmos: Universe, Galaxies, and Solar System

Posted by on Jun 16, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

The Universe

The science that studies the Universe is astronomy.

What is the Universe (Cosmos)?

The Universe, also known as the Cosmos, is everything that exists, encompassing all matter, energy, space, and time.

Origin of the Universe: The Big Bang Theory

The most widely accepted theory regarding the origin of the Universe is the Big Bang Theory:

  • Initially, all matter was concentrated in a single point with an extremely high temperature.
  • Approximately 13.7 billion years ago, a colossal explosion occurred,
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Fundamentals of Electricity: Quantities, Circuits, and Measurement

Posted by on Jun 11, 2025 in Physics | 0 comments

1 – Basic Electrical Quantities

The fundamental quantities that characterize electrical power are voltage, current, resistance, and power.

Voltage

The energy with which a generator is able to push electrons through a circuit is called voltage or electromotive force (EMF).

Voltage is also known as potential difference (PD) and is measured in volts (V).

Electric Current

Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a circuit per unit time.

Electric current, also called intensity, is measured

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