Michelson-Morley Experiment & Black-Body Radiation: Modern Physics

Michelson-Morley Experiment

Phenomenon: The Michelson-Morley experiment aimed to determine the velocity of the Earth in the frame of the ether, based on the characteristics attributed to light. The experiment revealed that the speed of light is constant and independent of the observer’s motion and the motion of the source, i.e., not dependent on the reference system. This conflicted with the classical conception of movement.

Vision of Classical Physics

Nineteenth-century physicists made assumptions

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Understanding Interactions and Atomic Structure

Interaction is an action that is exerted on a reciprocal basis between two or more subjects, objects, actors, forces, and functions.

Types of Interaction

Gravitational Interaction is the force of mutual attraction that occurs between two objects in the universe. This is a common property of all known mass.

Electromagnetic Interaction is the force of mutual attraction or repulsion between two objects due to a property called electric charge. This property is the excess of negative charges possessed

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Cosmos Compendium: Unveiling the Secrets of Our Universe

A Solar System Contains

  • Single star

At Jupiter’s Core

  • Heavy elements

Approximate Age of the Solar System

  • 4.6 billion years

A Normal White Dwarf’s Size

  • Similar to Earth

A Black Hole Is

  • An object with immense density

Astronomers Measure Magnetic Fields Using

  • Zeeman effect

According to Wien’s Law, Hotter Objects Appear

  • Bluer

Atoms That Have the Same Number of Protons but Different Numbers of Neutrons Are

  • Isotopes

A Shift in the Position of Spectral Lines Indicates

  • Motion

Average Earth to Sun Distance (AU) Was First

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Nature’s Fundamental Forces and Electrical Phenomena

Fundamental Forces of Nature and Electrical Phenomena

Fundamental Forces

  • Strong Interaction: A short-range force holding protons and neutrons together within the atomic nucleus.
  • Electromagnetic Interaction: Occurs between electrically charged particles, resulting in attractive or repulsive forces.
  • Weak Interaction: A short-range nuclear force responsible for instability in certain atomic nuclei.
  • Gravitational Interaction: A force of mutual attraction between all bodies with mass, though relatively weak
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Heat, Temperature, Sound, and Wave Motion

Heat and Temperature

Heat is a physical magnitude that measures the energy transmitted from one body to another, reflecting the difference between their components. The unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the Joule (J). 1 calorie = 4.18 J.

Temperature: The temperature of a body depends on the kinetic energy of its particles (atoms, ions, or molecules).

Heat energy can be transmitted from one body to another in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.

  • The propagation of heat by
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Understanding Magnetism and Electromagnetism Principles

Magnetism

Materials likely to be attracted by a magnet are called ferromagnetic materials.

Types of Magnets

  • Natural: (e.g., magnetite) have magnetic properties, but they are weak.
  • Artificial

Permanent magnets retain their magnetic properties for a long time.

Temporary magnets only exhibit magnetic properties when subjected to a magnetic field.

Magnetic Field of a Magnet

It is the space in which magnetic phenomena are noticeable due to the magnet.

The magnetic field is more intense in some places than others,

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