Columbus’ Voyage and Early American Civilizations
Columbus’s Voyage to America
On August 3, 1492, Italian adventurer Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain to find a new route from Europe to Asia, hoping to open a shorter trade route between the two continents. His intention was to load his three small ships with silks, spices, and gold in Asia and return to Europe a wealthy man.
- Sailed south to the Canary Islands.
- Turned west across the unknown waters of the mid-Atlantic Ocean.
On October 12, he stepped ashore on the beach of a low, sandy island,
Read MoreAmerindians, Settlers, and the American Revolution
Life of Amerindians: Pueblo, Apaches, Iroquois, and Dakota
Christopher Columbus, seeking a new route from Europe to Asia, arrived in America. Mistaking it for Asia, he called the native inhabitants “Indians.” For years, they were known by this name; only recently have the terms Native Americans or Amerindians become common.
The Pueblo
The Pueblo were the most organized of the Amerindian farming peoples. They lived in villages or towns, often built on cliffs for safety. They crafted clothing and blankets
Read MoreShoulder and Arm Muscles: Origins, Insertions, Actions
Deltoid
Origin: Anterior edge of the collarbone, lateral acromion edge.
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity.
Action: Horizontal flexion, abduction, extension horizontal.
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
Insertion: Superior facet of greater tuberosity.
Action: Produces abduction of the shoulder.
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa.
Insertion: Articular capsule of the lesser tuberosity of humerus.
Action: Internal rotation stabilizer.
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
Read MoreBack Muscles: Origins, Insertions, Actions
Trapezius
- Origin:
- Superior: Occipital protuberance, C2-C7, nuchal line.
- Medial: T1-T4.
- Inferior: T5-T12.
- Insertion:
- Superior: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle.
- Medial: Acromion process.
- Inferior: Spine of scapula.
- Action:
- Superior: Raises shoulders.
- Medial: Adduction of scapula.
- Inferior: Stabilization and depression of scapula.
- Innervation: Accessory nerve and cervical nerves.
Latissimus Dorsi
- Origin: Iliac crest, sacral crest, spinous processes of L5-T6, and ribs 10-12.
- Insertion: Inferior angle of scapula and bicipital
Key Muscles: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Innervation
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Innervation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Splenius capitis | Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T4 | Mastoid process, Occipital bone | Rotates head to the same side. Extends head/neck | Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves |
| Splenius cervicis | SP T3-T6 | TP C1-C3 | Rotates head to the same side. Extends head/neck | Posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves |
| Iliocostalis | Sacrum, ilium, lumbar vertebrae | Ribs, cervical vertebrae | Extends vertebral column; posture | Posterior rami of spinal nerves |
| Longissimus | Sacrum, ilium, lumbar vertebrae | Mastoid |
Cell Biology Questions and Answers
Cell Biology Questions
1. What are the 3 principal parts of a cell?
– plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
2. What are the characteristics/properties of the plasma membrane?
– fluidity, selective permeability, asymmetry
3. If you observed that a cell did not have a centrosome, what could you predict about its capacity for cell division?
– the cell probably would not be able to undergo cell division
4. You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to:
– secrete a lot of proteins
5. Regarding
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