Language Teaching: History, Approaches, and Methods
A Brief History of Language Teaching
Changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need.
The Grammar-Translation Method
- Reading and writing are the major focus.
- Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading texts used.
- The sentence is the basic unit.
- Accuracy is emphasized.
- Grammar is taught deductively.
The Direct Method
The Natural Method argued that a foreign language could be taught without translation or the use
Read MoreIntellectual Disability Support and Education
Behavioral Alterations
Syndromes Associated with Intellectual Disability
- Angelman Syndrome
- Prader-Willi Syndrome
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Down Syndrome
- Edwards Syndrome
- Klinefelter Syndrome
Intervention
Educational Needs
- Cognitive Improvement
- Attention
- Memory (Working and Long-Term)
- Behavioral Control and Planning
- Generalization of Learnings: Applying knowledge in everyday life and various contexts. Practical activities are crucial for facilitating this, especially for children with deficits.
- Language as a Representation
Student Portfolio: Assessment Tools and Strategies
What is a Student Portfolio?
A student portfolio is a systematic collection of student work. The aim of a portfolio is to illustrate the pupil’s talent, their writing, and their stories of school achievement.
Types of Portfolios
There are two different types of portfolios:
- Process portfolio: Documents the stages of learning and provides a progressive record of student growth.
- Product portfolio: Demonstrates mastery of a learning task or a set of learning objectives and contains only the best work.
Teachers
Read MoreLanguage Acquisition Theories: Behaviorism to TPR
Language Acquisition Theories
Behaviorism
Behaviorism views second language learning (FLL) as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Learners attempt to copy what they hear, and through regular practice, they establish acceptable habits in the new language. The properties of the first language (L1) are thought to influence the second language (L2) learning: similar properties cause positive transfer, while differences cause negative transfer or interference.
The main aim of behaviorist teaching
Read MoreSocial Studies and Inclusive Education in Preschool
Social Studies in Preschool Education
1. Defining Social Studies and Educational Standards
Social studies is the part of a school curriculum concerned with studying social relationships and how society functions. Key educational standards for preschoolers include:
- Discussing why people work.
- Recognizing similarities and differences in people.
- Beginning to understand and follow rules.
- Recognizing the feelings and perspectives of others.
- Participating in discussions about why rules exist.
2. Positive Behavior
Read MoreFostering Social Skills and Inclusive Classrooms
Social Studies: A school curriculum focused on social relationships and societal functioning. It explores why people work, their similarities and differences, understanding and following rules, recognizing others’ feelings, and discussing the reasons behind rules.
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS): A multi-tiered approach to cultivate a positive school culture through clearly defined behavioral expectations. This includes teaching expected behaviors, identifying at-risk students,
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