Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
I. Memory Processes and Structures
Long-Term Memory Foundations
Long-term memory is broadly divided into implicit and explicit memory. Memory for past events is called episodic memory, while memory for facts about the world is called semantic memory. Memory that involves conscious recollection is explicit or declarative memory. Memories we are not conscious of are implicit memories.
Encoding and Retrieval
- Encoding: Transforming information from sensory or short-term memory into long-term memory.
- Elaborative
Mental Health Disorders, CBT, and Ashtanga Yoga
Common Learning Disabilities
- Dyslexia: Affects reading, spelling, and writing. It involves difficulty recognizing words, decoding sounds, or reading fluently.
- Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Difficulty processing sounds and spoken language. It involves trouble following verbal instructions or distinguishing similar sounds.
Mental Health Disorders and Symptoms
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
OCD has two main types of symptoms: obsessions and compulsions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive
Read MoreEffective Leadership Theories and Management Models
1. The Trait Approach
The Trait Approach examines the personal characteristics that define a leader. It assumes that leaders possess specific traits that differentiate them from non-leaders.
Great Person Theory
Early theories suggested that great leaders are born, not made. These studies focused on prominent political, military, and social figures.
Major Leadership Traits
Key leadership traits identified by research include:
- Intelligence: Reasoning and intellectual ability
- Self-confidence: Belief in one’
Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience: Core Concepts
Multitasking and Cognitive Performance
Performance decreases when doing multiple tasks simultaneously. Practice can improve performance but does not eliminate costs. Task switching incurs costs, specifically the time required to reconfigure the mental set. The multiple demand system is a network of brain regions activated during diverse cognitive tasks.
Feature Integration Theory
Early processing involves features (color, shape) detected automatically in parallel. Later processing requires features
Read MoreClinical Psychology Exam Review: Disorders and Treatments
Sleep Disorders and Treatment
- Sleep efficiency: Percentage of time asleep while in bed. Healthy is ≥85%; below this is in the insomnia range.
- Parasomnias: Abnormal events during sleep.
- Dyssomnias: Issues with sleep quantity, timing, or quality.
3P (Spielman) Model
- Predisposing: Pre-existing biological, psychological, or social vulnerabilities (e.g., neuroticism).
- Precipitating: Acute stressor or illness triggering onset.
- Perpetuating: Coping behaviors that maintain insomnia (e.g., excess time in bed,
Aircraft systems
1.Processes and Histories?
In Artificial Intelligence, processes and histories are important for representing dynamic knowledge—how things change over time rather than just static facts.
Processes refer to sequences of actions or events that lead to a change in state. They describe how something happens. For example, the process of a traffic light system changing from red to green, or a student completing an exam, involves a series of steps. In AI, processes are often modeled using rules, state
Read More