Brain Anatomy, Neurotransmitters, and Perception Explained
Brain Anatomy and Regions
- Frontal Lobe / Prefrontal Cortex: Directs higher-order thinking, executive functions, planning, and impulse control. Damage results in poor judgment, impulsivity, and personality changes.
- Occipital Lobe: Dedicated to visual processing and vision.
- Parietal Lobe: Integrates sensory input and spatial awareness. Damage can lead to tactile agnosia (inability to identify objects by touch) or misjudging space.
- Temporal Lobe: Manages hearing, memory, language comprehension, and object
Environmental Psychology: Human Behavior and Surroundings
Environmental Psychology
- Definition: Studies the interaction between environment and behavior.
- Scope: Natural environment, built environment, human behavior, and resource conservation.
- Emergence:
- Hellpach – First used the term.
- Egon Brunswik & Kurt Lewin – Founding fathers.
- Became independent in the 1960s.
Relationship with Other Disciplines
- Biological Science – Biological basis of behavior.
- Ergonomics – Design according to human needs.
- Community Psychology – Person–community interaction.
- Architectural
Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology Reference
Schizophrenia Summary
Definition
- Severe disorder affecting thinking, perception, emotions, behavior, and reality contact.
Positive Symptoms (Added)
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
Negative Symptoms (Lost)
The 5 A’s
- Avolition
- Alogia
- Anhedonia
- Asociality
- Affective Flattening
Neurodevelopmental Causes (PBG)
- Prenatal factors
- Birth complications
- Genetic factors
Famous Example
- John Nash
- A Beautiful Mind
Unipolar Mood Disorders
Definition
- Depression without mania or hypomania.
Types: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Persistent Depressive
Read MoreCognitive Psychology: Memory, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
I. Memory Processes and Structures
Long-Term Memory Foundations
Long-term memory is broadly divided into implicit and explicit memory. Memory for past events is called episodic memory, while memory for facts about the world is called semantic memory. Memory that involves conscious recollection is explicit or declarative memory. Memories we are not conscious of are implicit memories.
Encoding and Retrieval
- Encoding: Transforming information from sensory or short-term memory into long-term memory.
- Elaborative
Mental Health Disorders, CBT, and Ashtanga Yoga
Common Learning Disabilities
- Dyslexia: Affects reading, spelling, and writing. It involves difficulty recognizing words, decoding sounds, or reading fluently.
- Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Difficulty processing sounds and spoken language. It involves trouble following verbal instructions or distinguishing similar sounds.
Mental Health Disorders and Symptoms
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
OCD has two main types of symptoms: obsessions and compulsions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive
Read MoreEffective Leadership Theories and Management Models
1. The Trait Approach
The Trait Approach examines the personal characteristics that define a leader. It assumes that leaders possess specific traits that differentiate them from non-leaders.
Great Person Theory
Early theories suggested that great leaders are born, not made. These studies focused on prominent political, military, and social figures.
Major Leadership Traits
Key leadership traits identified by research include:
- Intelligence: Reasoning and intellectual ability
- Self-confidence: Belief in one’