Evolution of Human Societies: From Paleolithic to States

Agricultural Society (10,000 years ago)

Hunting led to severe exhaustion and population increase. This forced the use of other resources. Societies became sedentary, leading to a new economy based on asset accumulation and redistribution. Surpluses were stored for the first time. Competitive distributions among leaders and followers emerged, establishing a social hierarchy.

Emergence of the State

Features:

  • Centralized power
  • Highly stratified society (military, religious, administrative, artisans)
  • Clear
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Child Development: From Conception to Birth and Beyond

Evolutionary Changes and Transformations

These changes, inherent to the individual, are observed as differences within the individual over time. Three key characteristics define these transformations:

  1. Universality: Common and observable in all individuals of the same species (e.g., not specific to individual tantrums).
  2. Qualitative: Changes in system organization leading to reorganized system behavior (not merely quantitative growth as suggested by preformationism).
  3. Irreversibility: Changes are cumulative
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Adolescent Development: Physical, Psychological, and Social Aspects

Physical and Psychological Changes in Adults

Adult physical and psychological changes involve not only physical maturation but also shifts in moral reasoning, personality adjustments, and emotional and sexual behavior.

Physical Changes in Puberty

Puberty begins with hormonal secretions, leading to the development of primary sex characteristics (maturation of reproductive organs) and secondary sexual characteristics (non-reproductive traits).

Psychological Changes

During adolescence, there is a strong

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Understanding Behaviorism and Human Psychology

Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a psychological school focusing on observable behaviors, excluding emotions or thoughts. It posits that behaviors can be modified through techniques like behavior modification and rewards and punishments.

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s experiment demonstrated classical conditioning. A dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell, associating it with food.

Watson’s Experiment

Watson used a boy named Hans to show how fear could be conditioned and deconditioned. Initially,

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Thorndike and Skinner: Learning Theories and Behaviorism

Edward Thorndike: Instrumental Learning

A contemporary of Pavlov, Thorndike focused on instrumental learning, where an animal’s behavior is reinforced. His experiments with a hungry cat in a box demonstrated that animals learn through trial and error, reducing the time and errors to escape and reach food.

Theory of Association or Connection of Learning:

  • Learning is the connection between sensory impressions and action impulses.
  • Achieved through trial and error, where the brain records correct responses
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Emotional Intelligence in Education: Concepts, Factors, and Skills

Theme 6: Educating Emotional Intelligence

Concept of Emotional Intelligence

Educational values relate to the idea of growing as a “whole person.” This involves:

  • Critical knowledge and its application.
  • Understanding emotions and their influence on actions.
  • Evaluation: using moral language to assess value.
  • Will: guiding students to manage emotions through higher-level intelligence.

Extensive neurobiological research demonstrates that thinking and emotions are intertwined:

  • Emotions and thinking are interconnected
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