Group Decision Making & Leadership: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Stress Management
Group Decision Making
Advantages
- Groups make better decisions.
- More vigilant than individuals.
- Generate more ideas (diversity).
- Evaluate ideas better: processing power, checks & balances.
- Moderate extreme positions.
- Decision acceptance/commitment: increased understanding, important to implementation.
Disadvantages
- Less efficient (time, process losses).
- Conflict: politics, individuals protecting ideology, compromises between extreme points.
- Domination: sub-groups/coalitions, individuals dominating discussion.
Child Development and Socialization: A Comprehensive Guide
Child Development and Socialization
Discovering Others
As babies grow, they become aware of themselves and others, distinguishing objects and people. Their behavior shifts from reflexive actions to conscious interaction, seeking connection with loved ones. This stage involves possessiveness and reactions to the presence and absence of caregivers, leading to feelings of fear, anxiety, and loss. The child begins to understand social relationships and may experience social inhibition (difficulty communicating)
Read MoreMediating vs. Moderating Variables
Mediating Variables
A mediating variable (M) explains the process by which an independent variable (X) influences a dependent variable (Y). It creates a causal pathway: X affects M, which in turn affects Y. This helps us understand how X and Y are related. For example, if education level (X) influences occupation type (M), and occupation type influences income level (Y), then occupation is the mediating variable.
Example
Education level (X) influences occupation (M), which then influences income level
Read MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning in Anxiety and Fear
Classical and Operant Conditioning: Understanding Anxiety and Fear
Classical Conditioning Theory: The Rayner-Watson Model
This model highlights three main features:
- Repeated association between conditioned stimuli (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US) strengthens the conditioned response (CR) of fear.
- Phobic fear reactions are more likely when the fear induced by the US is intense (e.g., traumatic events).
- Neutral stimuli similar to the CS can also elicit fear reactions, with the intensity increasing with
Child Development from 6 to 12 Years Old: Cognitive, Motor, Affective & Social Aspects
Basic Characteristics of Psycho-Rolling Development in Children Aged 6 to 12
1. Introduction
Understanding child development is crucial for educators, as their role extends beyond knowledge transmission to fostering the development of a child’s capabilities. A strong foundation in child psychology is essential for teachers to understand a child’s developmental stage and effectively guide their learning journey. This document will explore the basic characteristics of psycho-rolling development in
Read MoreEssential Measurement and Assessment Terms
Measurement and Assessment Glossary
Basic Concepts
Absolute-score interpretation: a form of interpreting raw scores by comparing them to a defined criterion; a type of interpretation of raw scores used with a criterion-referenced test.
Assessment: the systematic process of obtaining information from data from tests, observations, interviews, and checklists.
Battery: a set of tests, typically administered as a unit, and used to obtain a more complete picture of the individual being tested.
Concept: an
Read More