Beliefs, Ideologies, Values, and Norms in Society
4.
Beliefs and ideologies:
When we speak of all the ideas that are in force in the culture of a society we are talking about the system of beliefs and values shared by the vast majority of members of society, including both the concepts of what it’s like should be (the value that leads to belief)
. Both issues are inextricably intertwined and it is a fact that we have presented for consideration. All the ideas include both technical and instrumental knowledge. That is, the set of techniques, procedures,
Beliefs, Ideologies, Values, and Norms in Society
Beliefs and Ideologies in Society
When we discuss the ideas prevalent in a society’s culture, we refer to the system of beliefs and values shared by most members. This encompasses both perceptions of reality and aspirations (values that shape beliefs). These concepts are intertwined, forming a basis for understanding societal ideas.
These ideas encompass technical and instrumental knowledge, including techniques, procedures, and tools deemed effective and valuable for achieving goals. While tools
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Values
Values are abstract ideas that guide one’s thinking and behavior across all situations. They are strongly influenced by our everyday situations, beliefs, and events occurring in the societies we live in.
Schwartz’s Model of Values
Schwartz believed that values are “broad goals to accomplish over time.” Values are also relatively stable and can influence behavior outside of our awareness. The Schwartz theory consists of two bipolar dimensions:
First Bipolar Dimension
- Self-Enhancement: Pursuit of
Introduction to Sensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception
Definitions
Sensation: The elementary component of an experience, such as light and dark, bitter taste, and changes in temperature.
Perception: The collection of processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of sensations.
The Five Senses
- Touch
- Sight
- Smell
- Taste
- Hearing
Psychophysics
Psychophysics: A field in psychology in which researchers search for ways to describe the transition from a physical stimulus to the psychological experience of the stimulus.
Transduction: The
Read MoreIntroduction to Psychology: Theories, Development, and Applications
Introduction to Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a method for investigating unconscious mental processes. The Theory of Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud, whose work focused on the structure and function of the human mind.
Major Players in Psychoanalysis
Carl Jung
Carl Jung, one of Freud’s earliest pupils, developed analytical psychology. According to Jung, the unconscious mind has two parts:
- The personal unconscious, containing an individual’s experiences.
- The collective unconscious,
Understanding Psychological Disorders and Social Behavior
Chapter 13: Social Psychology
Attribution
Dispositional Attribution
Assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to their internal characteristics.
Situational Attribution
Assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to the environment.
Correspondence Bias
The tendency to view behaviors as the result of disposition even when behavior can be explained by the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
Failure to consider situational variables while making an attribution, leading to an overestimation of dispositional
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