Research Methods: A Comprehensive Guide for Students and Researchers
Research Methods: A Comprehensive Guide
Problem Statement
A well-articulated problem statement clearly defines the research problem and provides an argument that justifies the need for the study.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement outlines the specific aim or goal of the study.
Variables
Independent Variables
- Presumed cause or influence
- Causes a change in the outcome of interest
- May be an intervention
Dependent Variable
- Presumed effect or outcome variable
- Variable researchers are trying to understand,
Quantitative Research Approach: Methods, Designs, and Variable Control
Quantitative Research Approach
Introduction
The quantitative approach is a systematic and objective method for collecting, processing, and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables and test hypotheses. It involves the use of mathematical and statistical techniques to quantify and analyze data.
Features of Quantitative Research
- Variability: Observations on the same issue with different values.
- Validity: The extent to which scientific explanations of events coincide with reality.
Sociology of Crime and Criminal Behavior: A Comprehensive Review
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF THE CONTENTS OF ASPVC
CLASS 01
1.1As research based on the biology of criminal behavior have been scientifically proven? What can we say about the biology of criminal behavior?
Since the investigations of Lombroso (item 1.2) in the nineteenth century, until research with magnetic resonance imaging, searches for answer to the question of whether biological basis for criminal behavior have not yet reached a definitive result. AA Gall’s theory was not fruitful because there
Endogeneity and Instrumental Variable Estimation
- Explanatory variables uncorrelated to the error term are called exogenous variables. The independent error terms assumption of OLS is known as the exogeneity assumption.
- Violation of the exogeneity assumption leads to a condition known as endogeneity.
- Presentations of endogeneity that can bias OLS results include:
- Selection Bias and Omitted Variable Bias
- Attenuation Bias
- Endogeneity Bias and Simultaneity Bias
- Bias caused by endogeneity can be circumvented through Instrumental Variable
Motivation Theories: A Comprehensive Guide
Content:
Motivation Theories Focused on the Content:
- Maslow’s Pyramid: Basic physiological needs, security needs, social needs, ego needs, and self-realization.
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Hygiene factors (prevent dissatisfaction) and motivating factors (promote satisfaction).
Other Job-Related Needs (McClelland):
- Need for affiliation: Establishing positive relationships.
- Need for power: Controlling and influencing others.
- Need for self: Developing and utilizing potential.
- Need to achieve: Setting and
Understanding Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide to Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Theories of Depressive Disorders
The first psychological formulations of depressive disorders came from psychoanalysis. Abraham conceived depression as an exacerbation of a constitutional legacy of oral eroticism. Freud differentiated normal depressive reactions (melancholy) from depressive reactions due to losing a loved one (bereavement). Both answers involve losing something.
To minimize the impact of losing love, the child internalizes a representation of that object, or introjects
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