Learning Disabilities and Intellectual Disabilities: An Overview
Types of Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Difficulty processing language (Problems reading, writing, spelling, and speaking)
Dyscalculia
(Problems doing math, understanding time, and using money)
Dysgraphia
(writing, spelling, organizing ideas)
Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder)
(Problems with hand-eye coordination, balance, and manual dexterity) (fine motor skills)
Auditory Processing Disorder
(Hearing differences between sounds) Problems with reading, comprehension, language
Visual Processing Disorder
(
Read MoreUnderstanding Gender Violence: Types, Consequences, and Resources
Understanding Gender Violence
Ill-treatment Characteristics and Types
Gender violence refers to violence directed at individuals based on their gender, primarily targeting women. This encompasses various forms of abuse, including:
- Physical Violence: Acts like pushing, biting, punching, etc., that are outwardly visible.
- Psychological Violence: Involves threats, insults, humiliation, and manipulation, often accompanying other forms of abuse.
- Economic Violence: Controlling the victim’s access to finances,
Behavioural Ecology
DEFINITIONS:
Behavioural Ecology
- study of the evolutionary basis for animal behaviour due to ecological pressures
Semiochemicals
- Chemicals that mediate interactions between organisms
Evolutionary arms race
- ongoing struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, phenotypic and behavioural traits that develop escalating adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other, resembling the geopolitical concept of an arms race
Altruism
- behaviour of an animal that benefits another at its own expense
Reciprocity
- the
The Ecology and Evolution of Animal Behavior: A Comprehensive Guide
Lecture 7: Biodiversity and Fitness
Avoiding Confirmation Bias
- Double-blind experiments and randomization
Survivorship Bias
- Focus on winners over losers and successes over failures
Reasons for Biodiversity Loss
- Loss of habitat
- Overexploitation
- Introduced species
- Pollution
- Global climate change
Approximating Endangerment
- Number of individuals in a population
- Number of breeding individuals
- Variation in breeding success
- Sex ratios
- Factors affecting genetic variation
Fitness
- Quantitative representation of reproductive
Understanding Human Needs in Health and Wellbeing
Health and Wellbeing
Health is a psychobiological, social, dynamic, relative, and highly variable phenomenon. In humans, it corresponds to a state of physiological and ecological balance and social adjustment, encompassing all the possibilities of the human body against the complexities of the social environment.
Understanding Needs
Necessity: We define a necessity as something everyone requires to maintain their life, health, and wellbeing.
Types of Needs:
- Biological Needs: These needs affect the individual’
Psychological Studies: Exploring Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior
Pepperberg’s Study on Animal Categorization
Aim:
To investigate whether animals can understand the concept of difference and similarity through categorization.
Sample:
Alex, an African grey parrot, who was already familiar with over 80 objects.
Procedure:
Alex was shown objects that differed in shape, color, and material. He was then asked to identify the similarities and differences between the objects. An independent observer tested him while the primary trainer translated his responses. If Alex answered
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