Brain Hemispheres, Language, and Neurological Disorders
Brain Hemispheres and Contralateral Control
Each hemisphere, left (L) or right (R), controls the contralateral side of the body. Some movements, like facial expressions or movements of the trunk, are controlled by both hemispheres.
Speech production is controlled in the majority of people by the L hemisphere.
Hemispheric Communication
Hemispheres communicate by means of:
- Corpus Callosum
- Anterior commissure
- Hippocampal commissure
- Other small commissures
Cutting the Corpus Callosum
Cutting the Corpus Callosum
Read MoreScientific Method and Characteristics of Living Things
The Scientific Method
The scientific method refers to the commonly accepted procedures followed by the scientific community. It consists of five stages:
- Observation: The object defines the problem to be explained. Data related to a particular phenomenon is collected and sorted.
- Hypothesis: Possible explanations for the observed problem are proposed.
- Experimentation: Different experiments are designed to test the hypothesis, focusing on the phenomenon under study.
- Analysis of Results: The results are
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Unconscious, Ego, and Defense
Repressed traumas, unveiled in the past and subsequently forgotten, continue to exert influence. The practice of psychoanalysis reveals several key insights:
- The structure of life, affective instincts, and their function within the psyche.
- The inherent obscurity of psychic phenomena.
- The highly pathogenic nature of repression.
- The importance of sexual life and its development.
- The discovery that pathological symptoms represent substitute satisfactions for desires prohibited to the subject.
First Topic
Read MoreNeuromarketing and Neuroscience in Consumer Behavior
Neuromarketing: Neuroscience Applied to Marketing
Neuromarketing is the application of neuroscience to marketing, primarily to measure emotions through brain imaging. It delves into decision architecture:
- System 1 – The brain’s automatic, intuitive, and unconscious thinking mode (responsible for approximately 85% of decisions).
- System 2 – A slow, controlled, analytical method of thinking where reason dominates (responsible for approximately 15% of decisions).
Most brands target their marketing strategies
Read MoreKey Psychology Concepts: Experiments, Disorders, Therapies
Key Psychology Concepts
Social Psychology
Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo): In this study, participants were randomly assigned to the roles of either guards or prisoners. Students quickly adapted to their assigned roles, with prisoners becoming helpless and guards becoming cruel and inhuman. This experiment highlights the concept of deindividuation (reduced self-awareness when people are part of a group) and has been compared to the Abu Ghraib prison situation in Iraq.
Conformity vs. Compliance:
Read MoreUnderstanding Stress: Sources, Responses, and Coping Mechanisms
Stress refers to a physiological or psychological response that the body gives to an external situation. This process involves physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral reactions motivated by a significant imbalance between environmental demands and perceived ability to respond. Today, stress is considered “a transaction between the person and the environment,” or as a situation resulting from the interpretation of events and personal opinion.
Stressful Situation Features
- Novelty: Lack of or change