Taste and Vision Neuroscience: Gustation, Retina & Cortical Pathways
Chemical Senses: Taste (Gustation)
Function of Taste
- Identify nutritious substances (e.g., sugars, proteins, salts).
- Avoid toxins and poisons, often detected as bitterness.
- Taste is distinct from olfaction, but both are chemical senses.
- Helps evaluate food after ingestion (versus olfaction, which acts at a distance).
Anatomy and Pathway
- Taste starts on the tongue in taste buds containing taste receptor cells.
- Taste receptor cells are not neurons; they do not fire action potentials but release neurotransmitters.
Core Principles of Indian and Modern Psychology
Self, Identity, and Self-Concept in Indian Psychology
Indian Psychology views the self as spiritual, holistic, and continuous. The self is not limited to personality or ego but is rooted in consciousness.
Core Concepts of Self
- Atman: The true self; eternal, unchanging, pure consciousness beyond body and mind.
- Jiva: The individual self; Atman associated with the body, mind, desires, and karma.
- Purusha: Witness consciousness; the observer of experiences, not the doer.
Development of Self in Indian Traditions
- Identification
Organizational Theory, Structure, Leadership and Change
Definition of Organization and Main Aspects
Give a definition of organization, illustrating and briefly describing the main aspects that characterize it. An organization is characterized by groups of individuals who carry out interdependent activities to achieve objectives and who develop and maintain stable behavior patterns. The main internal components are the social structure, the physical structure, the technology, and the culture. Organizations, from the Latin “organon,” meaning tool, aim
Read MoreClinical Classifications of Memory Disorders
Question: Enumerate the disorders of memory.
Disorders of memory refer to conditions in which an individual experiences problems with storing, retaining, or recalling information. These can result from neurological damage, psychiatric illness, or age-related decline. Below is an enumeration of major memory disorders, grouped by type:
I. Amnestic Disorders (Amnesia)
These involve partial or total loss of memory.
Anterograde Amnesia
- Inability to form new memories after the onset of the disorder.
- Common
Cognitive Biases, Developmental Stages & Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Heuristics and Biases
- Availability Heuristic — Judging based on how easy it is to think of examples or occurrences.
- Representativeness Heuristic — Judging based on how it resembles another event.
- Numerosity Heuristic — Judging quantity/probability based on the number of pieces something has been divided into.
- Anchor-and-Adjust Bias — Making a guess by anchoring and pivoting around a previous estimate; there is a bias toward under-correction.
- Above-Average Effect — The finding that
Organizational Change Models and Resistance: Schein, Lewin, Kotter
1. Technological Approach to Change
The technological paradigm views organizational change as a structured, mechanical process:
- Change can be 100% planned and controlled by management.
- Change is treated as a technological process.
- Change requires hard competencies: the success of the change depends on the technical skills of the implementers rather than on emotional intelligence.
- Mistakes result from bad planning or incorrect implementation.
- We can avoid mistakes.