Medieval Law and Society: Custom, Church, and Economy
Businesses Inter Vivos
At this time, bargaining practice was formed from the usual, local customs and conventiae (generic convention). The legal league contract, as the Romans knew it, did not exist at this time because there were no powers that ensured the fulfillment of these agreements (it was a messy and socially insecure environment). That’s why a business that achieved great flowering at this time is the exchange (or barter). Although it is wrong to understand this lack of formal regulation
Read MoreAndrea’s Loneliness and Freedom in Barcelona: A Story of Disenchantment and Hope
Andrea’s Journey in Barcelona
Part 1: Arrival and Disillusionment
Andrea arrives in Barcelona alone at midnight, expecting an exciting adventure. However, she is met with a harsh reality at her new home on Aribau Street. The house is filled with solitary individuals, marked by the remnants of war and post-war hardship. Andrea’s initial excitement turns into disillusionment as she witnesses the poverty and despair surrounding her. The loss of freedom within the confines of her new life becomes apparent.
Read MoreEl Monte de las Ánimas: A Legend of Soria by Bécquer
El Monte de las Ánimas
1. Location
El Monte de las Ánimas, one of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s sixteen legends published in El Contemporáneo, was written on November 7, 1861. Bécquer conceived and wrote the story in Soria, the very setting of the legend. This collection of prose tales represents Bécquer’s most consistent work in terms of genre, structure, theme, and scope. Drawing inspiration from literary traditions, religious literature from the East, fables, and stories of magical events, Bécquer’
Read MoreSocial Inequality and Redemption in Delibes’ “The Holy Innocents”
Social Differences in “The Holy Innocents”
Social Realism with Aesthetic Intention
The Holy Innocents is a novel of social realism with aesthetic intention. It portrays social issues with a distinct style, reminiscent of Time of Silence, yet without reaching the boldness of Luis Martín Santos or Delibes’ own The Castaway.
Two Social Groups
The novel presents two distinct groups: the upper class and the oppressed. The middle class is barely present, appearing as fleeting shadows like Manolo, the doctor
Read MoreThe Penitent Magdalene by Pedro de Mena
The Penitent Magdalene
a) Context and Artist
The Penitent Magdalene is a free-standing sculpture located in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Crafted by Pedro de Mena in 1664, it stands at a height of 165 cm and is made of painted wood with additions of other materials.
Pedro de Mena y Medrano (1628-1688) was born in Granada, Spain. The son of sculptor Alonso de Mena and a collaborator of Alonso Cano, he was a prominent figure in the Granada school of art. In 1658, he relocated to Malaga after receiving
Read MoreRamon Llull: Life, Works, and Influence on Catalan Literature
Ramon Llull (1232-1316)
Early Life and Conversion
Ramon Llull was born in Mallorca in 1232 and received his education in the royal court. After 30 years, he experienced a profound religious awakening, marked by a vision of Jesus crucified. This led him to abandon his life at court and dedicate himself to God.
Mission and Studies
Llull’s primary objective became the conversion of non-Christians to Christianity. To achieve this, he immersed himself in the study of Latin, Arabic, and sacred texts. Dissatisfied
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