Gender Quotas in Politics: Impact and Challenges

Gender Quotas: Advancing Women in Politics

Gender Quotas are designed to address historical and systemic barriers that limit women’s participation in politics and leadership.

Main Barriers

  • Cultural norms and gender roles.
  • Structural obstacles (electoral system, economic inequality, party structures).
  • Historical exclusion (patriarchal systems).

Objective

Guarantee a minimum threshold for female representation (typically 30-40%).

Types of Gender Quotas

  • Reserved Seats: Specific seats allocated to women regardless
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Constructivism in International Relations: Identity, Memory, and Conflict

Constructivism in International Relations

Constructivism is a theory in International Relations (IR) focusing on how identities, norms, and shared ideas shape the behavior of states and international actors.

  • Realism: Argues states act purely based on material interests (power, security), while constructivism emphasizes ideas and identities.
  • Liberalism: Focuses on institutions and cooperation, whereas constructivism examines how norms and identities influence institutions themselves.
  • Classical Constructivism:
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Understanding Power Dynamics and Constituent Power in Society

Power is Exercised Unidirectionally?

For Foucault, power is relational and not unidirectional. We tend to think that power is a property one either has or does not have. Social space is often presented under the vertical view of a pyramid, conceiving power as exerted unidirectionally. However, by studying leaders of egalitarian societies, we see that they must do more and be more generous to be recognized by others, out of admiration or fear. Power is not something one simply possesses; rather, power

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Historical Evolution of Education: Athens to Modernity

Arete in Athens and the Evolution of Educational Content

Arete’s most important hallmark is the emergence of philosophy, which affected different points in time where the ultimate goal was the pursuit of perfection, with three major exponents: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The concept of Arete sought the epitome of all virtues and aimed to reach perfection. This concept was imprinted in the Greek culture but had to be developed. Arete involves both physical and intellectual aspects, separate but

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Racism, Nationalism, and Political Ideologies: A Historical Analysis

Gobineau’s Racist Doctrine

Gobineau: A racist doctrine proposed by Count Gobineau in his book Essay sur L’inégalités des Races Humaines (Essay on the Inequality of Human Races), published in 1853. It had enormous influence, despite the absurd and even ridiculous theses contained therein. Hannah Arendt, the great author of German origin, fled racism and settled in the U.S., dedicating her life to studying human cruelty.

Influence of Gobineau in Brazil

The existence of a long process of miscegenation

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Marxism and Capitalism: An Analysis of Societal Evolution

Personal Opinion of Marx

In this dissertation, I proceed to discuss some of the important aspects of Marxian philosophy, based mainly on capitalist society and the pursuit of a classless society. Marx said: “The capitalist society carries within it its own negation. Capitalism is the first step towards a classless society.” Bourgeois capitalist society has brought about a large technological development so that the concepts of ownership and value disappear. An example is the free distribution of

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