Chilean Education Transformation: Key Reforms (1920s-1930s)
Chilean Education Reforms: 1920s-1930s
This document outlines significant educational reforms and the national situation in Chile during the 1920s and 1930s, highlighting key initiatives and their impact.
National Educational Landscape in 1931
- Child population: 781,376.
- School population: 452,208.
- Only 2% completed primary education (6 years).
- 73% completed only the first 3 years (out of a mandatory 4).
- 16% reached the 4th grade.
Further challenges included:
- Elementary Schools: 11% of schools in the country
Key Factors Behind Chile’s Independence
External Factors for Chilean Independence
1. American Independence (1776)
The American Independence in 1776 demonstrated the viability of a republican system of government. It introduced new political ideas such as representative democracy, citizens’ rights, popular sovereignty (the right to choose one’s government), and civil liberties.
2. The Enlightenment
According to Enlightenment principles, society and the state must be organized by reason, which guarantees freedom, security, and happiness. The
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Understanding Economic Liberalism
Economic liberalism is a theory that promotes individual liberty, free markets, and limited government intervention. It is based on the view that humans are rational beings driven by self-interest, which, when regulated by market competition, can lead to socially beneficial outcomes. Emerging in the 17th and 18th centuries as a response to mercantilist policies, economic liberalism advocated for less state interference in economic affairs. Early contributors such
Read MoreMiddle East Economic Models: State Intervention & Capitalism
Understanding State Intervention in Middle Eastern Economies
Goals were widely held by citizens at large, thus presenting no impediments to the interventionist state.
Case Studies: Characteristics of Interventionist States
Common Blueprint for Radical Transformation
Specific states—Egypt (1957-74), Algeria (1962-89), Syria (1963-present), Iraq (1963-present), Tunisia (1962-69), Sudan (1969-72), and Libya (1969-present)—shared a common blueprint for the radical transformation of their societies and
Read More18th Century Basque Literature: Southern Writers & Larramendi
18th Century Basque Literature: Southern Writers
Introduction to Southern Basque Literary Trends
Basque book production in the Southern Basque Country during the 18th century presented a stark contrast to the preceding two centuries in the Northern Basque Country (Iparralde). The 18th century saw significant differences emerge.
Initially, the first decades of the 18th century were relatively slow for Basque literature in the Southern Basque Country.
Manuel Larramendi and the Jesuit Revival
A slight recovery
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European Social and Labor Movements
Key Political Parties and Organizations
- SPD (German Social Democratic Party): Founded in 1875, inspired by Marxism, the SPD promoted the creation of national unions.
- CNT (National Labor Confederation): A significant labor confederation.
- Labor Party: The standard-bearer of socialist thought in Great Britain, representing employment or employees.
- PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español): Held a radical stance against class collaboration with the bourgeoisie and was