Nietzsche’s Influences and Philosophical Evolution
Historical, Cultural, and Philosophical Context
In the nineteenth century, Europe experienced the widespread impact of the Industrial Revolution (originating in England in the eighteenth century) and the liberal-bourgeois revolutions (such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution). Consequently, the estate society was replaced by a class society, represented by the capitalist bourgeoisie, who advocated for political and economic liberalism, and the proletariat. The proletariat became
Read MoreSpain’s 19th-20th Century Social & Cultural Shifts
Cultural Transformations and Changing Mentalities in Spain (19th-20th Century)
The New Urban Society
During the 19th century in Spain, the influence of landowning elites established a rentier, aristocratic-bourgeois society rather than an industrial one. Only in specific industrial areas or among certain business groups did the idea of valuing work, personal effort, and austerity take hold. This contrasted with the prevailing social model that often neglected work in favor of living off income.
The
Read MoreChinua Achebe’s Impact on Postcolonial Literature
Origins of Postcolonial Literature
Chinua Achebe’s Mission
The 20th century witnessed the decline of the British Empire. After World War II, colonies gained independence, leading to a postcolonial era. Former subjects began reassessing their national identity, history, literature, and relationship with the colonizers’ cultural traditions.
The Colonized as “Other”
Colonized populations were often viewed as inferior, existing outside history and civilization. This “othering” relied heavily on racial
Read MoreLiterary and Intellectual Currents: American, French Revolutions, and Victorian Era
American and French Revolutions
American Revolution (AR): Excessive taxes, perceived as unfair to the American colonies, fueled corruption and smuggling. Restrictions on trade with other nations and the lack of representation in the British Parliament were major grievances. These ideas were published in Common Sense. Thomas Paine argued that humanity was self-owned, stating, ‘his person is his title deed’.
French Revolution (FR): It was perceived as a natural, rational development, a simple democratic
Read MoreThe Enlightenment in Spain: Education and Reform
The Spanish Enlightenment: Education and Societal Reform
Historical Context
The Enlightenment was an intellectual, cultural, and ideological movement that developed in Europe between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century. In Spain, it emerged because of the death of Charles II and the subsequent War of Succession. This century is also known as the Century of Lights. The Enlightenment marked the end of the Old Regime and its thoughts and beliefs, and the beginning of an
Read MoreUAE Political System: Leaders, Structure, and Reforms
HH Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Was elected President of the United Arab Emirates on 3 November 2004, succeeding his father, the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai.
Political System
- Since the establishment of the Federation in 1971, the seven emirates have forged a distinct national identity through consolidation of their federal status and enjoy a desirable degree of political stability.