Political Economy Concepts, Systems, and Democratic Transitions
Key Concepts in Political Economy
Understanding the foundational terms in political economy is crucial for analyzing global systems and development.
Definitions of Core Terms
- Illiberal Democracy
- A governing system where, despite elections, citizens lack access to information about those in power due to the absence of civil liberties.
- Political Economic System
- The intricate relationship between economic and political institutions, including the policies they create and their resulting outcomes.
- Institutions
- Humanly
Official Language Policy in Public Service and Education
Language Skills in Public Administration
Requiring specific language skills for access to public service need not be contrary to the principle of equality. If the Administration, by constitutional mandate, must ensure the use of two languages, then language skills are integrated into the core of the principle of capacity, like any other knowledge requirement suitable for professional work. Without officials possessing these language skills, the Administration could not meet its constitutional mandate.
Read MorePhysical Education in Brazil: Historical Approaches and Modern Concepts
Physical Education in Schools
Physical education schools teach: gambling, gymnastics, dance, fights, and sports.
Historical Context and Emergence of New Conceptions (Post-1980)
The introduction of physical education in Brazil occurred in 1851 with the reform of Couto Ferraz. Despite its early introduction, physical education suffered prejudice from the start.
Hygienic Militarism
The focus during this period was on hygienism, emphasizing hygiene and health. It valued physical and moral development through
Read MoreSocietal Structures: Status, Roles, and Group Dynamics
Social Interaction Systems: Status and Roles
Every society is a form of organization, a set of rules of conduct that define relations between its members. Some sociologists use the term “social interaction systems” to refer to the multiple relationships that occur between members of a society. While other beings also live in groups, dependent on the order established by nature, humans create their own forms of social organization based on rules that assign each member a specific role: roles and status.
Read MoreSocial Institutions: Foundations of Human Society
Social Institutions: Foundations of Society
Social institutions are fundamental structures created by human beings from social relationships within society. An institution is defined as an organized system of social relationships that embodies common values and procedures, meeting basic societal needs. These culturally approved patterns of behavior include prescribed roles and procedures, grouped to satisfy essential social requirements.
Major Categories of Social Institutions
Social institutions can
Read MoreState, Nation, Nationalism, and Political Systems Defined
The Concept of the State
Definition of the State
The State is an organization exercising power over a group of people in a given territory.
Origin of the State
Its origin dates back to the modern era when kings began to centralize power through:
- A standing army
- Bureaucracy
- Diplomacy
Classes of States
- Uninational: When a state coincides with a single nation.
- Plurinational: When a state encompasses several nations.
Elements of a State
- Group of People: The population over whom power is exercised.
- Territory: The