Secularization and Religious Transformation in Modern Spain
The Secularization Thesis
The primary emphasis is on religious practice and determining the extent of its change using empirical arguments. We propose three objectives:
- To present and discuss the thesis of secularization (TS) – the idea that modernization diminishes the relevance of religion.
- To outline the features of Spanish secularization.
- To examine the religious practices of the Spanish people.
There is a strong historical and theoretical correlation between modernization and secularization: as
Read MoreEducation vs. Schooling: Global Systems & Social Roles
Education vs. Schooling Defined
Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.
Schooling refers to formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers.
Schooling and Economic Development
The extent of schooling in any society is tied to its level of economic development.
- In low- and middle-income countries, people often learn informally at home, and limited schooling
Spain’s Military and Civil Directory: 1923-1930
Military Directory (1923-1925)
Corruption and Dictatorship
The first issue was the alleged corruption of the powers of concentration. This led to the abolishment of all political systems (including the 1976 Constitution, courts, local administration, and commonwealth) and the establishment of a personal dictatorship. Between periods of war, many dictatorships and liberal dynasties emerged.
Repression and Pistolerismo
To address Pistolerismo, repression was applied, particularly targeting the anarchist
Read MoreAmerican Federation of Labor: History and Significance
The American Federation of Labor
Early Stages and Exclusionary Practices
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) initially adopted exclusionary practices, barring Black workers and women from membership. Focusing on skilled laborers, the union organized itself by trades, such as steel workers and garment workers. This structure reflected the AFL’s belief in clear distinctions between skill levels. Their primary goal was to protect skilled American laborers from the perceived threat of immigrant competition.
Read MoreSwiss Politics: Rise of New Parties and Neutrality
Swiss Politics: The Rise of New Parties
As a consequence, a strong process of individualism has developed, producing a profound change in cultural and social values in Switzerland, creating various green parties and alternative movements. The Green Party has gained more popular support, and it also includes those excluded or disaffected with the political system.
The increased political disenchantment, along with a worsening of the Swiss economy and increased social exclusion in the late 1980s and
Read MoreAncient vs. Modern Freedom: Civil Society, Liberalism, and Socialism
Ancient and Modern Freedom
Freedom of the Ancients vs. Modern Freedom: The freedom of the ancients was rooted in participation in public affairs. A free man was considered a citizen, entitled to actively participate in the government of the polis, the political community.
Modern freedom emphasizes individual rights that society should respect. This gave rise to representative government, where the people do not govern directly, as in Athenian democracy, but through their representatives.
Civil Society
Civil
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