The Genesis and Evolution of the European Union
From Post-War Reconstruction to European Integration
After World War II, with Europe devastated, politicians and intellectuals began to express the idea of avoiding a recurrence of armed conflict between states. A significant reason for this was the control of the Saarland, a territory rich in mining and steel industries. To prevent future conflicts, the creation of a supranational body was proposed, one with unique authority to control coal and steel production. This initiative led to the establishment
Read MoreIrish Women’s Rights & Activism: Challenging Gender Roles Pre-1918
Irish Women’s Rights & Activism: Challenging Gender Roles Pre-1918
Women’s Rights in 1860s Ireland
In 1860, women’s rights were significantly limited. Key characteristics included:
- No Voting Rights: Women of any class or age could not vote in local or national elections.
- Legal Subordination: All women were covered under their husband’s identity; their legal status was always subordinate to men.
- High Celibacy Rates: High levels of celibacy in Ireland for women were often linked to poverty or dependence.
Political Economy Concepts, Systems, and Democratic Transitions
Key Concepts in Political Economy
Understanding the foundational terms in political economy is crucial for analyzing global systems and development.
Definitions of Core Terms
- Illiberal Democracy
- A governing system where, despite elections, citizens lack access to information about those in power due to the absence of civil liberties.
- Political Economic System
- The intricate relationship between economic and political institutions, including the policies they create and their resulting outcomes.
- Institutions
- Humanly
Official Language Policy in Public Service and Education
Language Skills in Public Administration
Requiring specific language skills for access to public service need not be contrary to the principle of equality. If the Administration, by constitutional mandate, must ensure the use of two languages, then language skills are integrated into the core of the principle of capacity, like any other knowledge requirement suitable for professional work. Without officials possessing these language skills, the Administration could not meet its constitutional mandate.
Read MorePhysical Education in Brazil: Historical Approaches and Modern Concepts
Physical Education in Schools
Physical education schools teach: gambling, gymnastics, dance, fights, and sports.
Historical Context and Emergence of New Conceptions (Post-1980)
The introduction of physical education in Brazil occurred in 1851 with the reform of Couto Ferraz. Despite its early introduction, physical education suffered prejudice from the start.
Hygienic Militarism
The focus during this period was on hygienism, emphasizing hygiene and health. It valued physical and moral development through
Read MoreSocietal Structures: Status, Roles, and Group Dynamics
Social Interaction Systems: Status and Roles
Every society is a form of organization, a set of rules of conduct that define relations between its members. Some sociologists use the term “social interaction systems” to refer to the multiple relationships that occur between members of a society. While other beings also live in groups, dependent on the order established by nature, humans create their own forms of social organization based on rules that assign each member a specific role: roles and status.
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