European Union: Treaties, Institutions, and Key Milestones
Key European Organizations and Treaties
Treaty on European Union (TUE)
The Treaty on European Union, also known as the Maastricht Treaty, established the European Union and laid the groundwork for its political and economic integration.
European Economic Community (EEC)
The European Economic Community was a regional economic integration organization created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Its primary objective was to foster economic integration among its member states.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
Read MoreMedia’s Influence on Ethnic Identity and Perception
Media Representation of Ethnicity
Understanding Ethnicity in Media
The media plays a significant role in shaping perceptions of ethnicity. Groups can be labeled through the constant use of identity terms that encode negative social stereotypes.
Over-Ethnicization and De-Ethnicization
In the British media, the label “Black” was often linked with negative connotations, such as hate, conflict, and riots. The reporting of negative topics, such as crime, becomes “over-ethnicized,” while the reporting of
Read MoreThe Vital Role of Youth Protest in Democracy
[Your Address]
4 June 2025
[MP’s Name]
House of Commons
London SW1A 0AA
Dear [MP’s Name],
When the World is Ablaze: Speak or Be Silent?
There are moments in history when silence ceases to be neutral — it becomes an act of surrender. Today is such a moment. As injustice swells and the climate buckles under the weight of human greed, what future are we preserving if we teach the next generation to suffer in silence? Young people should not merely be permitted to protest — they must be actively encouraged
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: A Critical Response to 19th Century Transformation
The 19th Century: A Transformative Era
The 19th century was a period of profound change, encompassing political, ideological, social, religious, industrial, technical, and scientific developments, alongside significant advancements in the arts. Ideologically, Europe experienced a revolutionary period that struggled to assimilate new values such as liberalism, socialism, and nationalism.
Ideological and Political Shifts
Politically, the model of alliances between European countries shifted dramatically.
Read MoreSociolinguistics: Core Concepts & Language Dynamics
Which field does not belong to sociolinguistics?
- (A) Ethnography of communication
- (B) Sociology of language
- (C) Social psychology of language
- (D) Interactional sociolinguistics
- (E) Formal linguistics
Sociolinguistics is:
- (A) A single linguistic discipline
- (B) Multidisciplinary
The concept of ‘covert prestige’ is associated with:
- (A) The standard variety
- (B) Non-standard varieties
Social network studies have shown that vernacular maintenance is found in:
- (A) Loose-knit networks
- (B) Close-knit networks
- (C) Both
The
Galician Language: History, Evolution, and Current Status
History of the Galician Language in the 20th Century
Before the Civil War
This period saw two opposing processes regarding the legacy of the previous century:
- The upper classes began to abandon Galician, a trend later followed by the lower classes. As people moved from rural areas to cities, and due to emigration, the Galician-speaking population decreased significantly.
- Efforts were made for Galician language recovery, not only for literary use but also for social activities. This led to the creation