From Exploration to Union: A History of European Powers
The Age of Exploration
Spain in the 15th and 16th Centuries
- This movement in Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries was inspired by the Italian Renaissance and focused on new ideas in art, literature, and science.
- The Reconquista was a period when Christian kingdoms rushed to reconquer their territories after Muslims had conquered most of Spain. It ended with the conquest of Granada in 1492.
- The Alhambra Decree, issued by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella after the Reconquista, expelled Jews from
State Structures and Political Economy: Capitalism, Socialism, and Security
The Advanced Capitalist State
The advanced capitalist state is a product of industrial capitalism and plays a central role in maintaining and promoting capitalist relations of production. This type of state is highly developed, deeply integrated with global capital, and performs a wide range of political, economic, and social functions.
Key Functions of the Capitalist State
Central Role in Capital Accumulation
The state actively facilitates the accumulation of capital by regulating markets, supporting
Essential Concepts in Indian Civics, Economics, and Geography
Conflicting Developmental Goals and Examples
Developmental goals can be conflicting because what may be development for one person or group can be destructive or harmful to another. This happens because people have different priorities, needs, and interests.
Examples:
Industrialist vs. Adivasis: An industrialist wants to build a dam to generate electricity for a factory. This is a developmental goal for them as it would increase production and profit. However, for the Adivasis (tribal people) living
Class 12 Contemporary World Politics: Revision Notes 2024-25
Print / Save as PDF. Updated for the 2024/25 Academic Session.
Contemporary World Politics: Class 12 Revision Notes (Chapters 1–7)
This comprehensive revision material covers the full syllabus for Class 12 Political Science, focusing on key concepts and accuracy notes for exam preparation.
Syllabus Covered
- End of Bipolarity
- Contemporary Power Centers
- Contemporary South Asia
- International Organizations
- Security in the Contemporary World
- Environment and Natural Resources
- Globalization
Accuracy Notes and Exam
Read MoreHistory of International Relations: Westphalia to Bretton Woods
1. What Are International Relations?
Defining International Relations
IR as a field of study is concerned with the interactions between states and other actors in the international system. It includes not only governments but also international organizations, NGOs, and multinational corporations. Because it draws from history, law, politics, economics, and philosophy, IR is inherently interdisciplinary and can be both theoretical and practical.
Key Perspectives
- Kaufman’s perspective views IR as decisions
Spain’s 19th Century Political and Economic Shifts
The Revolutionary Sexenio (1868–1874)
Shortly after the revolution triumphed in 1868, which led to the exile of the monarch, a provisional government was formed. This government promulgated the Constitution of 1869, the most advanced to date, which established a comprehensive bill of rights, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association. It also established national sovereignty, the division of powers, universal male suffrage, and the democratic monarchy.
Between 1869 and 1874, two
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