Evolution of Indian Governance: Ancient Systems to Modern Constitution
British Administration in India
The British administration in India evolved over a long period, beginning with the East India Company’s trading interests and culminating in a centralized and bureaucratic system under the British Crown. The administration can be broadly divided into two phases: Company rule (till 1858) and Crown rule (1858–1947).
1. East India Company Rule (Pre-1858)
The British came to India as traders in 1600 under the East India Company. After the weakening of the Mughal Empire,
Read MoreThe Political System of the Restoration in Spain
The text was written during the Restoration. The creator of this political system, Cánovas, was a former Union Liberalist. He was a deputy in the Cortes of 1869, and he opposed the Constitution because he found liberty of religious practice unacceptable and because he was against universal suffrage.
Besides being a politician, he was a historian. He admired the English political system and wanted a similar one for Spain: a stable political system, without revolutions, and in which the economy could
Read MoreSpanish Social Services: Progress and Future Challenges
Theme 1: Status and Prospects for Social Services in Spain
1. Progress Since the SSSS (Social Services System)
1.1 Legal Framework
The legal framework governing this area has been established. The European Community (EC) opened a regulatory framework that was complemented with the statutes of autonomy, the law of bases of local government, and regional legislation on social services. The latter is designed to respond to the specific needs of each autonomous community in this matter. Second-generation
Read MoreIndustrialization, Class Struggle, and Technological Advance
The Spread of Industrialization
Industrialization in Europe
At the beginning of the 19th century, Great Britain was the only country in the world with significant industrial development, caused by the Industrial Revolution. In other parts of Europe, the survival of the Old Regime’s economic, political, and social institutions did not allow for the new technological and organizational advances to spread. Furthermore, British goods flooded the markets, and it was almost impossible for local producers
Read MorePractical Applications of Anthropology in Modern Society
The Practical Applications of Anthropology
Anthropology in Education
A persistent belief, found in both rural and urban settings, is that girls do not need to attend school. This contrasts with the view for boys, who are expected to bear the responsibility of providing financial resources to support their future households. This assumption has several implications:
- It presupposes that girls must get married, as it is assumed they cannot support themselves financially otherwise.
- This trend is particularly
From Taylorism to Toyotism: The Evolution of Industrial Production
The Second Industrial Revolution
In the early twentieth century, the Second Industrial Revolution was pioneered by countries like the USA and Germany. This era was characterized by increased mechanization, with machines becoming more effective. This led to mass production, and energy sources shifted from coal to oil and electricity. Industries multiplied and diversified with the invention of new tools, engines, machines, and materials. As factories grew larger and more complex, a need arose for a
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