Quirk, Kachru, and the Circles of World English
Quirk and Kachru
The problem of Standard English and its indigenized varieties has been a central concern for two prominent scholars who represent two contrasting attitudes: R. Quirk, ‘Champion of Standard (native) English,’ and Braj Kachru, ‘Champion of non-native Englishes.’ For Quirk, a common standard of use is warranted in all contexts of English language use. R. Quirk founded the Survey of English Usage and drew on the descriptions of educated British English, which he presented in
Read MoreCobden-Chevalier Treaty: Free Trade & Customs Unions
The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty: A Cornerstone of Free Trade
What was the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty?
- The treaty stipulated that Britain would eliminate all tariffs on imports of French goods, with the exception of wine and brandy. The British considered these luxury goods, allowing Britain to retain a small tax for revenue purposes. This was also influenced by Britain’s traditional economic ties with Portugal, a wine producer, ensuring Portugal maintained priority in the UK market.
- France, in turn, lifted
Global Security Challenges: Climate, Drugs, and Cyber Warfare
Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier
Alan Dupont (2008) argues that climate change is a major threat of the 21st century, acting as both a threat multiplier and a serious danger to America’s national security. Policymakers worldwide now accept sufficient scientific data concluding that the speed and magnitude of climate change will be unprecedented, posing daunting challenges. While state weakness and destabilizing internal conflicts are more likely outcomes than inter-state war, climate change
Read MoreSocial State: Features, Impact, and Political Dynamics
1) Social State
The Social State, a political form emerging from the Liberal State, represents a necessary self-transformation. It involves transitioning from a non-voting state to an interventionist state, ensuring essential services like education, social security, and healthcare for citizens. This shift aims to eliminate public inhibition of economic and social activities and overcome the separation between state and civil society.
The market is replaced by a political formula designed to safeguard
Read MoreTaylor Swift: Music, Impact, and Social Media’s Influence
Taylor Swift: A Musical Journey
Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter. Her artistry, songwriting skills, and spirit have left an indelible mark on the music industry, pop culture, and politics.
Swift began her professional journey as a songwriter at age 14. Signing with Big Machine Records in 2005, she gained prominence as a country-pop singer with albums like Taylor Swift and Fearless.
Swift later explored rock and electronic styles in her albums Speak Now and
Understanding Democracy: Principles, Types, and Concepts
Democracy: Definition and Principles
Democracy, in its etymological definition, means “of the people” or “for the people.” Citizens should be involved in decisions concerning government and laws.
Democracy is a system of government where power is shared, human rights are protected, everyone is treated equally, and citizens have free and fair elections. People (usually over 18) can vote or give their opinion to decide the politics of the country.
Key Characteristics of a Democracy
- The president is usually