Women in School Leadership: Challenges and Opportunities

It is widely acknowledged that leadership is a cornerstone of effective school organization. Research highlights key themes such as the current profile of school directors, leadership styles and activities, training, crisis management, and the evaluation of leadership roles.

The Feminization of Teaching

Teaching is often considered a feminized profession, possibly due to the historical association of women with caregiving roles, both at home and in the workplace. The significant contributions of women

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Social Structure and the Role of Women in 19th Century Spain

Social Relations and Liberalism

With the triumph of liberal revolutions, a social model based on the principles of liberalism emerged. A new dynamic arose where merit and capacity were the determinants of social promotion. There was a clear correlation between economic development and social mobility. Most industrialized countries multiplied the opportunities for social mobility through educational and training networks available to all. These changes were not so evident in societies that retained

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Political Systems and Ideologies: A Comparison

Political Systems and Ideologies

A political system is an independent body that rules over a population.

  • Polis: The original system that appears in Ancient history, is based on a city and an imprecise area of influence.
  • Modern state: The original system that appears in the Middle Ages, is based on a limited territory.
  • Empire: A group of peoples subdued by force by one member of the group.
  • Confederation: An association of sovereign peoples united by agreements.
  • State: A sovereign coactive power over a
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Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Industrial Revolutions

Absolutism

Absolutism: The king embodied all three powers and ruled by divine right monarchy. Gifts: Control policy by imposing duties on the Church for the King to rule over it.

The Enlightenment

Illustrations: 18th-century intellectual movement. Enlightened thinkers and writers were interested in technical and scientific progress. They criticized the society in which they lived, stressed the importance of happiness, and were deists, having a concept of God foreign to Christianity. They defended

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18th and 19th Century Key Concepts and Movements

Key Concepts and Movements of the 18th and 19th Centuries

Romanticism

Romanticism was a cultural and political movement that originated in Germany and the United Kingdom in the late 18th century. It was a revolutionary reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and Classicism, prioritizing emotion and individual experience.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a historical period between the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. England first, and then

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Modernization: China, Ottoman Empire, and Ethiopia

Historical Context

China

Ottoman Empire

Ethiopia

Modernization Process

China changed from an empire with an imperial court into a modern nation-state with a communist system. Modernization was, to a great extent, the consequence of the revolutionary policy of Mao Zedong. An intensive and relatively quick process of industrialization caused famine.

The Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1919 after the First World War. Under the leadership of Atatürk, the Turkish Republic became a modern, secularized nation-

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