Basque Language and Literature: History & Forms
The Testimony of the Basque Language
1. What is the historical range of the Basque language? Where did people speak Basque?
The historical Basque territory is smaller now than it once was. Basque was spoken in many places, but its reach has decreased over time. It extended through the Pyrenees and Aquitaine. It has been spoken in Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarre. For centuries, the Basque territories have changed, but the territory where Basque was spoken was once much broader. Basque place-
Read MoreNation, State, and People: Understanding Key Concepts
Understanding the Concepts of People, Nation, and State
An analysis of the concepts of people, nation, and state reveals that while these concepts cannot be automatically equated, they are distinct yet interconnected social realities. The state is a historically evolved form of organization, representing the political-economic relations of a territorially defined community, achieved through a combination of power and solidarity. Therefore, the state contributes to fulfilling a wide range of material
Read MoreProject Production: Tools for Identification and Design
Instruments for Project Production
A high degree of systematization in project production with the EML involves two generic types of controls: internal controls directing how work is organized to achieve objectives, and external notices to applicants and participants regarding this work and its results.
This is achieved through the creation of standardized written procedures that explain how the project will develop.
The EML uses two types of instruments: production instruments used in the creation
Read MoreUnderstanding and Addressing Social Problems & Exclusion
Social Problems and Exclusion: An Overview
Understanding Social Problems
Social problems encompass various challenges, including:
- Housing Insecurity: Difficulty accessing affordable rental housing.
- Precarious Employment: Abundance of unstable, low-quality contracts.
- Social Isolation: Feelings of loneliness leading to media dependence and addictions.
- Technological Isolation: Developments in information technology reinforcing isolation.
- Individualism: A marked tendency to prioritize personal interests over
Spain’s Territorial Organization: Municipalities, Provinces, and Autonomous Communities
Territorial Organization of Spain
According to the Constitution, the Spanish territory is organized into municipalities, provinces, and autonomous communities. Municipalities and provincial administrative units have a long history.
Municipal Administration
Municipalities are the most basic administrative and territorial units of the State. A municipality is governed by the local administration, which is best suited to solve local problems quickly and effectively. The city administration’s authority
Read MoreGraduation Extension in Public Schools: A Historical Analysis
Graduation Extension in Public Schools
Extension of Graduation to Other Public Schools
Attempt by Minister Juan de la Cierva
Upon entering the Ministry of Public Instruction, Juan de la Cierva, from the Conservative Party, initiated a reorganization of the education system. He presented a basis for educational reform by introducing changes that became legal precepts through Royal Decrees of March 22 and 30, 1905. Among these innovations were:
- Extension of school graduation to all public schools.
- Deletion