Indian Economic Evolution, Statecraft, and Cultural Epics
Five Characteristics of the Indian Economic Model
The Indian Economic Model is distinct from Western capitalism or socialism. It is society-driven, value-based, and rooted in family and community systems, focusing on harmony between wealth creation and social welfare.
1. Family-Based Economy
- The family forms the foundation of most Indian businesses. Multiple generations contribute to the success of the enterprise.
- It promotes shared responsibility, long-term stability, and trust.
- Example: Reliance Industries
Basque Political Forces and the First Spanish Republic
The PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) was a key player during the first republic. Political nationalists, encompassing both right and left wings, were active. Early studies suggested that nationalists did not expect the traditionalists to promote the autonomy statute.
Two groups shared common political objectives, such as opposing secularism and defending regional charters (fueros). The town of Estella was chosen for an assembly where the first and second stages were carried out, involving traditionalists
Read MoreRise of European Nationalism and Power Sharing Models
Congress of Vienna (1815)
- Leader: Chaired by Austrian Chancellor Metternich.
- Restore Monarchies: Reinstated rulers who were removed by Napoleon.
- Redraw Boundaries: Restructured European borders to maintain a balance of power among states.
- Conservative Goal: Suppress the growth of liberal and nationalist movements in Europe.
Liberalism in 19th-Century Europe
- Meaning: Liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality before the law, opposing privileges based on birth.
- Political Aspect: Favored
Fundamental Concepts of Sociology and Social Structure
Defining Society and Culture
Society refers to a group of people who live together, interact with one another, and share common rules, values, and relationships. It is fundamentally a system of social relationships among individuals.
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, customs, values, knowledge, language, traditions, and ways of living passed from one generation to another.
The Relationship Between Society and Culture
- Society provides the people; culture provides their way of life.
- Culture shapes
The Spanish Restoration: Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
The Reign of Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
Martínez Campos’s pronouncement ended the Democratic Sexenio, initiating the Restoration. This preparation was preceded by three key factors: the pacification of the country, international recognition of Prince Alfonso, and the acceptance of the monarchy by public opinion. These factors were sequenced in phases, as the military regime headed by Serrano ruled the country for eleven months, focusing on restoring order after the riots. The Manifesto
Read MorePolitical Development Theory and Lucian Pye’s Framework
Political Development and Lucian Pye’s Interpretations
Introduction to Political Development
Political development is an important concept in comparative politics that emerged strongly after World War II, especially during the process of decolonization. Newly independent nations needed to modernize their political institutions and build stable political systems. Therefore, scholars tried to define what “development” means in the political sense.
Among them, Lucian W. Pye is one of the most influential