Spain’s 19th Century Political and Economic Shifts
The Revolutionary Sexenio (1868–1874)
Shortly after the revolution triumphed in 1868, which led to the exile of the monarch, a provisional government was formed. This government promulgated the Constitution of 1869, the most advanced to date, which established a comprehensive bill of rights, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association. It also established national sovereignty, the division of powers, universal male suffrage, and the democratic monarchy.
Between 1869 and 1874, two
Read MoreCriminal Justice Systems: US Punitive Drivers and Japan’s Leniency
Factors Influencing Punitive Policies in the US
Protestant Fundamentalism and Punitive Sentiments
An examination of attitudes toward capital punishment concludes that those fundamentalists ‘who have a rigid and moralistic approach to religion and who imagine God as a dispassionate figure who dispenses justice are more likely to harbor punitive sentiments toward offenders’.
Obsolescence of the American Constitutional System
Major elements of the US’ constitutional system are obsolete, designed
Read MoreCore Concepts and Theories of Effective Leadership
Concepts and Ideas of Leadership
Defining Leadership
Leadership: The ability to make men and women do what they might not like, and yet you like it. It is the influence—the art or process of influencing people to strive willingly and enthusiastically toward meeting group goals.
Components of Leadership
- The ability to make effective and responsible use of power.
- The ability to understand that human beings have different motivations at different times and situations.
- The ability to inspire others.
- The
The Spanish Restoration Era (1874–1931): Politics, Industrialization, and Social Conflict
The Spanish Restoration System (1874–1931)
The Constitution of 1876 is one of the foundations of the political system of the Restoration in Spain, which lasted from 1874 to 1931. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1868 and several years of political instability, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo restored the monarchy with Alfonso XII to bring stability to the country.
The 1876 Constitution and Political Structure
Cánovas designed a moderate political system that strengthened the power of the monarch
Read MoreForeign Policy Analysis: Concepts, Realism, and Liberal Challenges
Defining Foreign Policy (FP)
Foreign Policy is the political dimension of a state’s external relations within the international system. It involves a combination of goals and interests achieved using specific instruments and strategies, governed by regulations and principles crucial for maintaining relations with other countries. A main goal of FP is to understand and maintain the coherence and unity of relations with other states.
Understanding Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA)
Foreign Policy Analysis
Read MoreThe Fundamentals of the State and Forms of Government
Defining the State: Components and Authority
The state is the top political and administrative unit which governs a territory and under whose authority are all inhabitants. A state consists of a territory with clear and internationally recognized borders (including water up to 200 miles, subsurface soil, embassies and consulates, airspace, warships, and military aircraft).
Essential Elements of a State
A state requires a population that is governed by the same government and laws. Furthermore, it possesses
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