Savarkar’s Ideology: Hindutva, Nationalism, and Social Reform
Savarkar’s Reinterpretation of Indian History
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’s approach to Indian historiography marked a shift from colonial interpretations to a nationalist retelling of India’s past. His work aimed at inspiring patriotism and building a collective national identity rooted in resistance, pride, and civilizational unity. The most notable example of this is his book, *”The First War of Indian Independence, 1857″*, in which he argued that the 1857 revolt was not a mere mutiny, as the British
Read MoreGlobal Conflict Dynamics: Interstate & Intrastate War Analysis
Interstate and Intrastate War: Causes & Solutions
This document discusses the major theories of intra- and interstate war, examining their fundamental causes and proposing potential solutions. It also addresses key questions regarding the nature of modern conflict.
Key Questions Addressed:
- How does the Levels of Analysis approach relate to general theories of war? Can these approaches be combined effectively?
- How do concepts such as state failure and ethnic war enhance our understanding of this
English: A Global Language and Its Importance in India
English: A Global Language
English is widely considered a global language due to its extensive use in various fields like business, science, technology, and international relations. Its prominence is a result of historical factors, including the British Empire’s expansion, and its adoption as the language of international communication and commerce. While it’s not an official language in most countries, English is the most commonly taught foreign language and is used in international organizations
Read MoreChilean Education Transformation: Key Reforms (1920s-1930s)
Chilean Education Reforms: 1920s-1930s
This document outlines significant educational reforms and the national situation in Chile during the 1920s and 1930s, highlighting key initiatives and their impact.
National Educational Landscape in 1931
- Child population: 781,376.
- School population: 452,208.
- Only 2% completed primary education (6 years).
- 73% completed only the first 3 years (out of a mandatory 4).
- 16% reached the 4th grade.
Further challenges included:
- Elementary Schools: 11% of schools in the country
Key Factors Behind Chile’s Independence
External Factors for Chilean Independence
1. American Independence (1776)
The American Independence in 1776 demonstrated the viability of a republican system of government. It introduced new political ideas such as representative democracy, citizens’ rights, popular sovereignty (the right to choose one’s government), and civil liberties.
2. The Enlightenment
According to Enlightenment principles, society and the state must be organized by reason, which guarantees freedom, security, and happiness. The
Read MoreEconomic Liberalism: Principles, Evolution, and Modern Relevance
Understanding Economic Liberalism
Economic liberalism is a theory that promotes individual liberty, free markets, and limited government intervention. It is based on the view that humans are rational beings driven by self-interest, which, when regulated by market competition, can lead to socially beneficial outcomes. Emerging in the 17th and 18th centuries as a response to mercantilist policies, economic liberalism advocated for less state interference in economic affairs. Early contributors such
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