Rise of European Nationalism and Power Sharing Models
Congress of Vienna (1815)
- Leader: Chaired by Austrian Chancellor Metternich.
- Restore Monarchies: Reinstated rulers who were removed by Napoleon.
- Redraw Boundaries: Restructured European borders to maintain a balance of power among states.
- Conservative Goal: Suppress the growth of liberal and nationalist movements in Europe.
Liberalism in 19th-Century Europe
- Meaning: Liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality before the law, opposing privileges based on birth.
- Political Aspect: Favored
Fundamental Concepts of Sociology and Social Structure
Defining Society and Culture
Society refers to a group of people who live together, interact with one another, and share common rules, values, and relationships. It is fundamentally a system of social relationships among individuals.
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, customs, values, knowledge, language, traditions, and ways of living passed from one generation to another.
The Relationship Between Society and Culture
- Society provides the people; culture provides their way of life.
- Culture shapes
The Spanish Restoration: Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
The Reign of Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
Martínez Campos’s pronouncement ended the Democratic Sexenio, initiating the Restoration. This preparation was preceded by three key factors: the pacification of the country, international recognition of Prince Alfonso, and the acceptance of the monarchy by public opinion. These factors were sequenced in phases, as the military regime headed by Serrano ruled the country for eleven months, focusing on restoring order after the riots. The Manifesto
Read MorePolitical Development Theory and Lucian Pye’s Framework
Political Development and Lucian Pye’s Interpretations
Introduction to Political Development
Political development is an important concept in comparative politics that emerged strongly after World War II, especially during the process of decolonization. Newly independent nations needed to modernize their political institutions and build stable political systems. Therefore, scholars tried to define what “development” means in the political sense.
Among them, Lucian W. Pye is one of the most influential
Key Concepts in Global Politics and International Relations Theory
The Concept of International Power
International power is characterized by two fundamental aspects:
1. Decentralized Power
International power is decentralized, considering the innumerable groups that enjoy sufficient autonomy to exercise a certain degree of influence. This decentralization makes it much more difficult to adopt universally accepted or rejected patterns of behavior and to translate them into norms or institutions that unify the forms and limits of the exercise of international power.
Read MoreEvolution of Indian Governance: Ancient Systems to Modern Constitution
British Administration in India
The British administration in India evolved over a long period, beginning with the East India Company’s trading interests and culminating in a centralized and bureaucratic system under the British Crown. The administration can be broadly divided into two phases: Company rule (till 1858) and Crown rule (1858–1947).
1. East India Company Rule (Pre-1858)
The British came to India as traders in 1600 under the East India Company. After the weakening of the Mughal Empire,
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