Key Concepts in 20th Century History: A Concise Review
Key Concepts in 20th Century History
Keynesianism
Keynesianism: An economic doctrine developed by the followers of the economist John Maynard Keynes. His ideas were key to overcoming the crisis of 1929. He argued that the state, through tax increases and investment in social welfare, could stimulate economic growth, opposing liberal economic policy.
Welfare State
Welfare State: Governments intervened in the economy and nationalized important companies and banks. They raised taxes to fund quality education
Read MoreMarxist Theory: Key Concepts and Historical Analysis
Marxist Theory: Structure and Ideology
An economic structure consists of a structure, and a legal-political structure is ideological.
Social revolution: It means the destruction and transformation of certain relations of production.
In addition, three theses of materialist conception of history include:
- The factor of history is the ratio of productive forces and production relations. History is the actual process of material production of life.
- In history and in determining, there is a relationship between
Core Principles of Marxist Dialectical & Historical Materialism
Dialectical Materialism
Marxism can be divided into two major themes: dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism adapts the dialectical method of Hegel, but inverts his idealism. For Marx, there are two primary philosophical approaches:
Core Philosophical Concepts
Idealism
Prioritizes spirit, consciousness, or mind over material reality.
Materialism
Gives primacy to matter over spirit or mind. Marx distinguished between:
- Mechanistic Materialism: Conceives matter as inert,
Aristotelian Physics and the Dawn of the Scientific Revolution
Aristotle’s Physics: A Two-Region Cosmos
In Aristotle’s cosmos, Earth, motionless, occupied the center, and all other known celestial bodies revolved around it in perfectly circular orbits. In this universe, Aristotle distinguished two regions: the sublunar and the supercelestial.
Sublunar Region
This region is composed of lower, less noble matter: the four elements (earth, water, air, and fire). It is the realm of change and movement; only here do processes of alteration, generation, and corruption
Read MoreChilean Education: Neoliberalism and Military Rule (1973-2006)
Chilean Education Under Military Rule and Neoliberalism (1973-2006)
This particular education system adopted the curriculum content and structure of ENU (dual language, content, and ban state student selection).
The ENU never became law, even though some of these proposals were adopted in some schools. The project originated from the teachers themselves, was regenerated by the Ministry of Education, and sparked a national debate.
Following the declaration of the episcopal conference on April 11, 1973,
Read MoreUnderstanding Economic Interdependence, IMF, and Global Security
Economic Interdependence and Globalization
Economic Interdependence: A consequence of specialization or the division of labor. Participants in an economic system must be part of a trading network to obtain products they cannot efficiently produce themselves. One by-product of economic interdependence is globalization, where each nation and its economy are dependent on other nations for products and goods. For example, the United States today depends on China to provide it with many goods.