Marxist Critique of Capitalism: Infrastructure and Superstructure
Marxist Critique of Capitalism
Infrastructure and Superstructure
From the described contradiction and the supporting infrastructure arises a superstructure—a set of laws, cultural practices, and political forms serving a dual function: justifying and legitimizing the conflict while concealing it. From a Marxist perspective, the political and legal systems serve the interests of the wealthy, perpetuating exploitation. Politics, a privileged activity reserved for legal experts, supports a social order
Read MoreEuropean Integration and Decolonization in the 20th Century
European Integration and Decolonization
The European Union
Following World War II, deep mistrust permeated European relations. French Minister Robert Schuman’s call for joint control of coal and steel production marked the beginning of the European Union. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, based on Schuman’s proposal, aimed to prevent future conflict by integrating these key industries. However, the Union’s peacekeeping role remained limited. The 1995 enlargement
Read MoreInstitutions, Roles, and Social Theories: A Sociological Analysis
Establishing the Relationship Between Institutions and Roles
The social fabric precedes individuals through institutions (family, school, hospital, etc.). Integration into social life is a continuous process of institutionalization. Institutions pattern active subjects, classifying and standardizing them into “social roles” or “roles.” From the perspective of institutional order, “roles” are representations and expressions of a structured social life shared by many.
What are “Roles”?
Society is a complex
Read MoreCulture and Society: Analysis and Perspectives
Study of Culture
1. Two examples: subculture, counterculture, socialization process, cultural backwardness, cultural relativism, social mores, social customs, and traditions.
Subculture: Hippies exemplify a subculture with unique living rules that don’t conflict with wider society.
Counterculture: Anarchists, with norms and values opposing ideal culture, represent a counterculture in constant conflict.
Socialization Process: A person migrating to a new country gradually incorporates new cultural norms
Read MoreVenezuelan Culture: A Fusion of Traditions and Modernity
Venezuelan Culture: A Blend of Influences
Venezuelan culture is a rich tapestry woven from Indigenous, African, and Spanish threads. The first two were diverse, varying by tribe. Acculturation and assimilation led to a unique Venezuelan identity, similar to Latin America but with distinct differences. Indigenous influence is mainly seen in vocabulary and gastronomy, while African heritage is evident in music, particularly drum-based rhythms. The Spanish colonial era left a significant mark, especially