Civics Fundamentals: Political Systems, Democracy, and Elections
Civics Summary
Basics
Political System: Relations between government institutions and the nation.
Democracy: A form of government where the people exercise state sovereignty.
Dictatorship: A form of government where one entity imposes its authority, violating the population’s rights.
State: Legal and political organization formed by the unit of territory, governance, and sovereignty.
Sovereignty: The ability of a people to determine their own form of government.
Delegate: An act by which the people of
Read MoreEssential Educational Concepts and Principles
Importance of Creativity
Creativity should encourage innovation, divergent thinking, originality, and discovery.
Methodologically, we can distinguish the following levels of creativity:
* Expressive: pure spontaneity.
* Productive: related to space and time.
* Resourcefulness: unconditional.
* Innovative: deployment of originality.
* Emerging: permanent innovative attitude.
Principle of Unity
Refers to the consistency required in all training programs of students, of the school culture, and if
Read MoreKarl Marx: Life, Works, and Socio-Cultural Impact
Early Life and Influences
Karl Marx (1818-1883), born in Trier, Germany, to a Jewish family of the petty bourgeoisie, studied law and philosophy. His ideas against the aristocracy led to his exile in France, where he met Bakunin and Proudhon. He later moved to Belgium and then to London, where he spent the rest of his life, often relying on the support of his friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels. In 1864, he co-founded the International Workingmen’s Association in London with Bakunin. Marx’s
Read MoreScientific Methods: From Craft to Theory and Epistemological Act
Approach to Scientific Methods
The knowledge that flows from the source of scientific inquiry shows that:
- From the universal tree of knowledge, some branches were torn off, constituting objects of specific and partial knowledge. These branches do not emerge as a new explosion in a completely new context but as a result of a move from a known situation, resulting in something new.
- At the beginning of new knowledge, certain craft operations are always present, associated with existential needs such as
Cultural Shifts in 19th Century Spain: From Tradition to Modernity
Cultural Transformation in Spain
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were a time of change in Spain. French revolutionary ideas crossed the Pyrenees, spreading through books and pamphlets, challenging the Old Regime. These ideas gained traction among intellectuals, while many privileged individuals and the rural population clung to traditional values. After the War of Independence, Ferdinand VII’s reign intensified this clash of ideologies and mentalities.
Spain in the Early 19th Century
Spain remained
Read MoreDecree of Unification: Analysis of Franco’s 1937 Proclamation
Decree of Unification (1937)
Historical Context
This decree, a legal document from 1937, centers on the political landscape during the Spanish Civil War. Authored by General Francisco Franco, Head of State and Government, it was issued in Salamanca on April 20, 1937, and published in the Official State Gazette. The decree’s primary objective was the creation of a single party, the FET de las JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS), merging the Falange and Carlist factions to consolidate
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