Atatürk’s Reforms and Western Influence in Turkey

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a distinguished army officer, founded the independent Republic of Turkey from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. He served as Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938, enacting reforms that rapidly secularized and westernized the nation. As a result, practicing religion in public became difficult and problematic. In his efforts to modernize the country, Mustafa implemented Kemalism (also known as the “Six Arrows”).

These six principles were:

  • Republicanism
  • Statism
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Philosophical Systems: Positivism, Materialism, and Idealism

Positivism is a theoretical attitude that holds that true knowledge is scientific knowledge. It is characterized by its critical attitude towards traditional philosophy, especially metaphysics. Positivism also states that to be scientific, it is therefore true to principles phenomenalism orientativos. The rule (the reality is manifested in phenomena, and the negation of belief in an essence beyond what we see) the rule of nominalism (rule requiring to give value judgments and normative statements)

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Key Concepts: Liberalism, Revolutions, and Economic Systems

Liberalism

Liberalism is a philosophical, economic, and political ideology that promotes civil liberties. It opposes any form of despotism, giving rise to Republican principles and underlying representative democracy and the separation of powers.

Boston Tea Party

On Tuesday, December 16th, 1773, the Boston Tea Party took place. American colonists protested against Great Britain by dumping tea into the water. This event is considered a precursor to the War of Independence of the United States.

Girondins

The

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Understanding Madrasas: Architecture, Evolution, and Significance

  • An Iwan is a hall that is open entirely to the courtyard.

A Madhab: A set of rules

  • They needed to study the 4 interpretations of Shari’aa, or the 4 madhabs.
  • There is Sunni and Shi’ite, where there are 4 madhabs.
  • In Morocco, we teach the Maliki Madhab.

Definition and Early Evolution

Madrasa/Jami‘/Kuttab

  • The Madrasa (Medersa): is an institution of higher education in which religious sciences are taught, such as fiqh (jurisprudence), tafsir (Quran exegesis), and hadith (Traditions). The madrasa was
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Adam Smith and Karl Marx: Economic Theories Compared

Adam Smith’s Economic Theories

Adam Smith‘s work took place during the era of mercantilism and the physiocrats. Smith aimed to challenge mercantilist ideas, which viewed the world economy as a zero-sum game. He also opposed the physiocrats, who believed that agriculture was the only productive sector because it produced “nature,” while industry merely transformed existing materials.

The physiocrats advocated for free trade to address famine-related riots. Adam Smith generalized the concept of laissez-

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Understanding Consumption Patterns: Trickle, Bubble, Jump

Introduction

This essay explores the complex dynamics of consumption patterns within society, focusing on the phenomena of trickle-down, bubble-up, and jump effects. While traditionally, consumption trends have been believed to trickle down from the upper to the lower social classes, recent research has shown instances where trends bubble up from the lower classes or jump between social strata. Through analysis and case studies, this essay aims to elucidate these phenomena and their implications

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