The European Union Political System
Chapter 12: The Political System of the European Union
Scheme
1. Formation of the European Union
2. Political and Institutional Organization
- The European Commission
- The European Council
- The Council of Ministers
- The European Parliament
- The Court of Justice
1. Formation of the European Union
The European integration process emerged from post-World War II reconstruction efforts. A political climate prioritizing democracy, peace, and societal rebuilding influenced this process. The Cold War’s global hegemony,
Read MoreEconomics: Production, Distribution, and Consumption
Goods and Services
Definitions
Goods are all material things taken from nature or produced to satisfy human needs.
Services are economic activities aimed at satisfying needs that are not directly related to the production of goods.
In any economic activity, goods and services are interrelated and interdependent for a functioning economic system. Both result from transforming resources into useful objects through work in production processes.
Production, Distribution, and Consumption
Through work, we produce
Read MoreManagement and Leadership Models
The goal of management is to combine human and material resources to achieve objectives. There are two main management models:
Authoritarian Style
Top management communicates what needs to be done. Managers receive orders and transmit them to subordinates through a hierarchical chain. Authority and decision-making are concentrated at the top level of senior management.
Participatory Style
Authority and responsibility are decentralized across different management levels. This model fosters coordination
Read MoreSocialist Education: Historical Development and Key Thinkers
Early Influences
Socialist educational thought has distant roots, often traced back to Plato. However, the most direct influences come from utopian socialists like Robert Owen and Charles Fourier.
Robert Owen
Owen focused on creating a new society through social reform, including communal living, abolishing private property, and promoting equal rights. He implemented polytechnic education, combining productive work with learning.
Charles Fourier
Fourier’s ideas aligned with Owen’s, emphasizing polytechnic
Read MoreMythology, Philosophy, and Social Sciences
Mythology
Cosmogonic Myths
Myths are stories of imaginary events, often featuring supernatural beings or extraordinary figures like gods, demigods, heroes, and monsters. Cosmogonic myths explain the creation of the world, often originating from a primordial ocean. Sometimes, a race of giants, like the Titans, plays a pivotal role as the first inhabitants of Earth.
Theogonic Myths
These myths tell the origin of the gods. For example, Athena emerges fully armed from the head of Zeus.
Etiological Myths
Etiological
Read MoreThe Evolution of Worldviews: From Ancient Greece to Modern Cosmology
1. Worldviews and the Origin of the Universe
Worldviews address fundamental questions about the origin of the universe and natural phenomena. They offer coherent and systematic ways of seeing and understanding the world.
1.1. Defining a Worldview
A worldview is any interpretation of reality that provides a coherent and systematic framework for understanding the world.
1.2. Scientific Worldviews
Max Weber’s concept of the “disenchanted world” reflects how modern science has shifted humanity’s vision of